Table 3.
Ground reaction force and joint kinematic and kinetic parameters of young, middle-aged and old groups during walking, running and sprinting. Data shown as mean ± s.d.; BW, body weight; power generation 1, first half of the stance; power generation 2, second half of the stance during walking.
| parameters | walking |
running |
sprinting |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| young | middle-aged | old | young | middle-aged | old | young | middle-aged | old | |
| ground reaction forces | |||||||||
| peak braking (% BW) | −24 ± 3 | −25 ± 3 | −24 ± 4 | −38 ± 4 | −33 ± 6 | −33 ± 5 | −58 ± 11*** | −51 ± 5 | −42 ± 7+ |
| average braking (% BW) | −11 ± 2 | −12 ± 2 | −12 ± 2 | −23 ± 2** | −20 ± 3# | −19 ± 3 | −33 ± 4*** | −31 ± 3 | −26 ± 3++ |
| peak propulsion (% BW) | 25 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 4 | 44 ± 4*** | 39 ± 7 | 33 ± 5 | 70 ± 5*** | 56 ± 6### | 45 ± 6+++ |
| average propulsion (% BW) | 11 ± 1 | 11 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | 26 ± 3*** | 22 ± 4 | 19 ± 3 | 41 ± 3*** | 34 ± 4### | 27 ± 4+++ |
| peak vertical (% BW) | 124 ± 7 | 127 ± 10 | 126 ± 9 | 319 ± 33*** | 295 ± 31 | 266 ± 19+ | 337 ± 33*** | 313 ± 40 | 274 ± 15++ |
| average vertical (% BW) | 83 ± 2 | 82 ± 3 | 83 ± 3 | 177 ± 14*** | 164 ± 14 | 154 ± 11 | 188 ± 11*** | 178 ± 13 | 163 ± 7++ |
| ankle | |||||||||
| foot strike angle (°) | 25.8 ± 4.3 | 27.1 ± 4.4 | 24.5 ± 5.6 | 1.6 ± 11.0 | 1.8 ± 7.7 | 5.4 ± 13.2 | −1.7 ± 7.9* | 3.7 ± 7.3 | 7.4 ± 9.8 |
| angle at initial contact (°) | 9.0 ± 3.4 | 8.1 ± 4.1 | 7.8 ± 4.4 | −1.6 ± 8.9 | −3.3 ± 6.6 | 1.5 ± 11.3 | −3.4 ± 5.9 | −1.2 ± 7.6 | 3.2 ± 8.4 |
| plantarflexor moment (Nm kg−1) | 1.66 ± 0.31 | 1.57 ± 0.16 | 1.49 ± 0.17 | 4.17 ± 0.70*** | 3.66 ± 0.63 | 3.11 ± 0.40 | 4.69 ± 0.65*** | 4.05 ± 0.59# | 3.42 ± 0.28+ |
| power absorption (W kg−1) | −1.0 ± 0.4 | −1.1 ± 0.4 | −1.3 ± 0.4 | −15.0 ± 4.9* | −12.9 ± 3.7 | −10.3 ± 2.6 | −31.9 ± 8.6*** | −21.6 ± 8.2## | −15.0 ± 3.9 |
| power generation (W kg−1) | 4.1 ± 0.7* | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 25.3 ± 4.1*** | 19.2 ± 3.9### | 15.0 ± 3.2+ | 41.0 ± 4.6*** | 29.0 ± 4.9### | 21.8 ± 4.9++ |
| knee | |||||||||
| angle at initial contact (°) | 10.5 ± 3.7 | 10.5 ± 4.9 | 13.8 ± 4.8 | 19.6 ± 4.3 | 19.4 ± 3.7 | 23.5 ± 5.4 | 31.9 ± 6.0 | 27.8 ± 4.9 | 29.0 ± 4.4 |
| flexion excursion (°) | 25.4 ± 4.6* | 27.0 ± 5.6 | 32.4 ± 4.5+ | 25.3 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 5.8 | 21.1 ± 6.5 | 13.2 ± 6.2 | 18.6 ± 6.0 | 16.6 ± 4.7 |
| extensor moment (Nm kg−1) | 1.22 ± 0.22 | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 1.21 ± 0.27 | 3.35 ± 0.50 | 2.95 ± 0.59 | 2.99 ± 0.56 | 3.59 ± 0.96 | 3.58 ± 0.50 | 3.42 ± 0.50 |
| power absorption (W kg−1) | −2.4 ± 0.7* | −2.6 ± 0.8 | −3.5 ± 1.4 | −15.5 ± 6.5 | −14.8 ± 5.5 | −12.7 ± 5.7 | −13.9 ± 10.0 | −19.3 ± 6.9 | −16.0 ± 5.8 |
| power generation (W kg−1) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 12.4 ± 3.5 | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 17.6 ± 8.2 | 18.2 ± 6.0 | 14.2 ± 3.2 |
| hip | |||||||||
| angle at initial contact (°) | 34.3 ± 6.0* | 36.6 ± 3.6 | 41.0 ± 7.3 | 34.0 ± 5.7** | 34.9 ± 5.7 | 40.6 ± 4.1+ | 40.9 ± 7.1 | 39.2 ± 7.4 | 46.0 ± 5.7+ |
| extensor moment (Nm kg−1) | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.54 ± 0.47 | 1.66 ± 0.49 | 1.85 ± 0.53 | 2.28 ± 0.79 | 2.11 ± 0.39 | 3.44 ± 0.70* | 3.10 ± 0.91 | 2.59 ± 0.73 |
| flexor moment (Nm kg−1) | −1.31 ± 0.21 | −1.41 ± 0.21 | −1.26 ± 0.18 | −1.57 ± 0.52 | −1.58 ± 0.43 | −1.33 ± 0.51 | −3.36 ± 1.03** | −2.99 ± 0.82 | −2.21 ± 0.70 |
| power generation 1 (W kg−1) | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 1.5* | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 6.9 ± 3.0 | 25.1 ± 10.3** | 17.2 ± 5.2## | 15.5 ± 6.8 |
| power absorption (W kg−1) | −1.3 ± 0.5 | −1.3 ± 0.4 | −1.3 ± 0.4 | −7.8 ± 4.1 | −8.2 ± 2.0 | −7.3 ± 4.3 | −29.6 ± 7.7*** | −25.8 ± 8.1 | −18.3 ± 5.1+ |
| power generation 2 (W kg−1) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
*,#,+Statistical significance between young and old, young and middle-aged, and middle-aged and old, respectively.
*,#,+p < 0.05; **,##,++p < 0.01; ***,###,+++p < 0.001.