Table 1.

Effect of hormones on Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans.

References		Age of the host (years)	Sexa	Analysis techniqueb	Hormonesc	Diagnostic/groupd	N	Resultse			p
1	Oktenli et al., 2004	17–18	NS	ELISA	Testosterone		T. gondii antibodies
						Control	20	IgM:0.53 ± 0.13	IgG:0.43 ± 1.08	–
						Normal testosterone levels	31	IgM:3.88 ± 1.14*	IgG:4.95 ± 0.91*	↑	<0.001
						Low testosterone levels	9	IgM:4.00 ± 1.03*	IgG:4.50 ± 1.08*	↑	<0.001
				QUIL			Total Testosterone (TT) nM/L ± SD
						Control	20	17.11 ± 1.01		–
						Normal testosterone levels	31	17.29 ± 1.38		–
						Low testosterone levels	9	4.57 ± 0.56*		↓	<0.001
2	Hodková et al., 2007	21–24	NS	ELISA	Testosterone		T. gondii antibodies
							89	Positive: 18		–
								Negative: 71		–
				Dom S			Dominance score
						Infected	18	0.184*		↑	=0.051
						Uninfected	71	−0.57*
							Masculinity score
				Mas S		Infected	18	0.17		↑	0.17
						Uninfected	71	−0.03
3	Flegr et al., 2008a			RIA	Testosterone		Testosterone levels ng/mL
		21.03	W				174	0.230*		–	<0.0001
		20.91	M				91	0.387*		–
				ELISA			T. gondii antibodies
			W				174	Positive: 29		–
			M				91	Negative: 23		↑	<0.001
4	Dzitko et al., 2008			ELISA	Prolactin		Seropositive anti-Toxoplasma antibodies
		NS	W			Control	205	93
			M			Control	76	39
			W			Hyperprolactinaemia	168	57*		↓	=0.025
			M			Hyperprolactinaemia	66	31
			W			Hypoprolactinaemia	32	10
			M			Hypoprolactinaemia	9	3
5	Flegr et al., 2008b			RIA	Testosterone		Testosterone levels nM/L
		21.05	W				135	0.23		–	<0.001
		20.94	M				106	0.41		–
							Digit radio 2D:4D
			W	ELISA			194	Right: 0.315	Left: 0.587
			M				106	Right: 0.167	Left: 0.002*	–	<0.01
6	Shirbazou et al., 2011			ELISA			Seropositive T. gondii antibodies
		NS	W				73	24		–
		NS	M				107	39		–
							Cortisol levels in blood
		NS	W		Cortisol	Uninfected	12			–
		NS	M			Uninfected	19			–
		NS	W			Infected	24	t: 5.774*			<0.0001
		NS	M			Infected	39			–
							Testosterone levels in blood
		NS	W		Testosterone	Uninfected	12			–
		NS	M			Uninfected	19			–
		NS	W			Infected	24	t: 2.491*			=0.002
		NS	M			Infected	39			–
7	Al-warid and Al-qadhi, 2012			ELISA			Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies
		19–40	W			Uninfected	9	(−) IgG	(−) IgM	–
						Acute	10	(−) IgG	(+) IgM	–
						Sub-acute	9	(+) IgG	(−) IgM	–
						Chronic	13	(+) IgG	(+) IgM	–
							Progesterone levels ng/dL ± SD
			W	ELISA	Progesterone (P4)	Uninfected	9	18.3 ± 9.84
						Infected	32	11.19 ± 9.76
							P4 levels ng/dL ± SD
						Acute	10	5.35 ± 7.15		–
						Sub-acute	9	15 ± 9.01		–
						Chronic	13	14.62 ± 10.38		–
							Estradiol levels pg/dL ± SD
			W	ELISA	17β-estradiol (E2)	Uninfected	9	53.61 ± 76.24		–
						Infectadas	32	88.19 ± 101.10		–
							E2 levels pg/dL ± SD
						Acute	10	70.66 ± 51.08		–
						Sub-acute	9	92.51 ± 78.70		–
						Chronic	13	108.02 ± 138.67		–
8	de la Torre et al., 2012	20–29		ELISA	DHEAS		Seropositive T. gondii antibodies
							82	42
				IL			DHEAS levels ug/dL
			W			Active RC by T. gondii	26	58		–
			M					206
			W			RS of RC by T. gondii	19	95*			=0.12
			M					199*			=0.79
			W			Positive of T. gondii w OL	16	113
			M					177
			W			Negative assay for T. gondii	21	122*			=0.3
			M					161*			=0.87

^aM, Men; W, Woman; NS, Not Specified.

^bELISA, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay; (QUIL), Chemiluminescence; Dom S, Dominance Score; Mas S, Masculinity Score; RIA, Radioimmunoassay; IL, Immunoluminimetric.

^cDHEAS, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphated; E2, 17β-estradiol; P4, Progesterone.

^dRS, Retinal Scars; RC, Retinochoroiditis; w OL, Without Ocular Lesions.

^e↑, Increased infection; ↓, Decrement infection; ↑, Increased hormone; ↓, Decrement hormone;

^*and bold, Statistically Significant. NS, Not specified.