Table 3.

Effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on hormones in cell cultures.

References		Type of Study	Type of cell culturea	Stage parasite	Strainb	Number of parasites	Days post-infection	Analysis techniquec	Hormoned	Group	N	Resultse		p
1	Benedetto et al., 2001	In vitro	MGC (C57BL/6)	Tachyzoites	RH	1 × 104	20 h	Intracellular replicaton of T. gondii (Mean ± SD)
								ELISA	Prolactin	Control		7.4 ± 1.0
									(PRL)	PRL + rTNF-a		6.1 ± 1.0	↓	<0.05
2	Gay-Andrieu et al., 2002	In vitro	RAW 264.7	Tachyzoites	RH	3.3 × 106	3–20 h	Toxoplasma gondii replication
								IF, FC	Progesterone			No significant differences		<0.05
								y MIC
3	Gets and Monroy, 2005	In vitro	RAW 264.7	Tachyzoites	RH	5 × 105	18–24	Percentage of infected macrophages
								MIC	Adrenaline	Control
										Adrenaline a		5.55*	↑	<0.05
										Adrenaline p		10*	↑	<0.05
4	Jones et al., 2008	In vitro	BmSCs	Tachyzoites	RH	2 ×106	1	Effect on LPS-induces killing on T. gondii
								NS	Progesterone	Control		No significant differences		<0.05
										Infected
5	Dzitko et al., 2010	In vitro		Tachyzoites	BK	2 x 105		Influence of rhPRL en la intensidad de multiplication de T.gondii
			L929				6	MTT	Prolactine			No significant differences
			Hs27							1000.0 (ng/mL)	18	8.90 ± 3.46*	↓	<0.01
			HeLa									(No Sig. Diff.)
								Inhibition of the proliferation rate (%) of T. gondii
			L929				0 (min)			2.0–100.0 (ng/m L)	12	No significant differences
							30			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	19.87 ± 4.28*	↑	<0.05
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	23.66 ± 10.99*	↑	<0.05
							60			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	19.66 ± 5.73*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	25.53 ± 3.19*	↑	<0.01
							180			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	26.76 ± 3.02*	↑	<0.01
			Hs27				0 (min)			100.0 (ng/mL)	12	27.00 ± 2.50*	↑	<0.01
										2.0–100.0 (ng/m L)	12	No significant differences
							30			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	20.81 ± 4.21*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	21.93 ± 5.48*	↑	<0.01
							60			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	19.05 ± 2.63*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	23.01 ± 5.93*	↑	< 0.01
							180			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	21.14 ± 5.62*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	36.15 ± 11.53*	↑	<0.01
			HeLa				0 (min)			2.0–100.0 (ng/mL)	12	No significant differences
							30			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	23.05 ± 4.97*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	31.74 ± 5.79*	↑	<0.01
							60			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	27.71 ± 7.42*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	31.71 ± 7.06*	↑	<0.01
							180			20.0 (ng/mL)	12	29.64 ± 6.23*	↑	<0.01
										100.0 (ng/mL)	12	32.12 ± 3.53*	↑	<0.01
6	Dzitko et al., 2012	In vitro	PBMC	Tachyzoites	BK	2.5 × 10 5	3	% of T. gondii proliferation
								ELISA	rhPRL	0 (ng/mL)		76.35 ± 10.1
										100.0 (ng/mL)		81.01 ± 11.6
									sPRL	0 (ng/mL)		49.8 ± 4.6
										100.0 (ng/mL)		59.6 ± 3.1*	↓	<0.01
7	Dzitko et al., 2013	In vitro	L929	Tachyzoites		1 × 10 7		% increse of prolactine Levels
					RH		30 (min)	ELISA	shPRL			10.1
							90 (min)				NS	52.4	↑	=0.056
					ME49		30 (min)					16
							90 (min)				NS	46.2	↑	=0.056

^aMGC, Microglial cell cultures; RAW 264.7, Murine Macrophage cell line; BmSCs, Bone marrow Stem Cells; L929, Mouse fibroblasts cell line; Hs27, Human foreskin fibroblast; HeLa, Human epithelial cells; PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

^bType of strain: Beverley (BK), RH, ME49.

^cMIC, Microscopical; IF, Immunofluorescence; FC, Flow Cytometry; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.

^dPRL, Prolactin; rhPRL, Recombinant Human Prolactin; sPLR, Serum Prolactin; shPRL, Sheep Prolactin.

^e↑, Increased infection; ↓, Decrement infection; ↑, Increased hormone; ↓, Decrement hormone;

^*and bold, Statistically Significant. NS, Not specified; SD, Standard deviation.