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. 1985 Spring;6(3):59–68.
D1 = 1 if DAC > 0 (substitution in favor of less expensive drug)
= 0 otherwise
D2 = 1 if DAC < 0 (substitution in favor of more expensive drug)
= 0 otherwise
D3 = 1 for independent pharmacy
= 0 for chain
i = drug (as defined earlier)
j = type of pharmacy (chain or independent)
k = observation
E(uijk)2 = σij2 and E(uijkuijk) = 0