Table 1.

Comparison of Vegetarian With Nonvegetarian Dietary Patterns With Respect to All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality From a Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model Among Participants in the Adventist Health Study 2, 2002–2009

Characteristic	Deaths, Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Characteristic	All-Cause	Ischemic Heart Disease	Cardiovascular Disease	Cancer	Other
All (N = 73 308), No. of deaths^a,^b	2560	372	987	706	867
Vegetarian	0.88 (0.80–0.97)	0.81 (0.64–1.02)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.92 (0.78–1.08)	0.85 (0.73–0.99)
Nonvegetarian	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Men (n = 25 105), No. of deaths^a	1031	169	390	273	368
Vegetarian	0.82 (0.72–0.94)	0.71 (0.51–1.00)	0.71 (0.57–0.90)	1.02 (0.78–1.32)	0.83 (0.66–1.04)
Nonvegetarian	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Women (n = 48 203), No. of deaths^a,^c	1529	203	597	433	499
Vegetarian	0.93 (0.82–1.05)	0.88 (0.65–1.20)	0.99 (0.83–1.18)	0.87 (0.71–1.07)	0.88 (0.72–1.08)
Nonvegetarian	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]

Adjusted by age (ie, attained age as time variable), race (black, nonblack), smoking (current smoker, quit <1 year, quit 1–4 years, quit 5–9 years, quit 10–19 years, quit 20–29 years, quit ≥30 years, and never smoked), exercise (none, ≤20 min/wk, 21–60 min/wk, 61–150 min/wk, and ≥151 min/wk), personal income (≤$20 000/y, >$20 000–$50 000/y, >$50 000–$100 000/y, and >$100 000/y), educational level (up to high school graduate, trade school/some college/associate degree, bachelor degree, and graduate degree), marital status (married/common-law and single/widowed/divorced/separated), alcohol (nondrinker, rare drinker [<1.5 servings/mo], monthly drinker [1.5 to <4 servings/mo], weekly drinker [4 to <28 servings/mo], and daily drinker [≥28 servings/mo]), region (West, Northwest, Mountain, Midwest, East, and South), and sleep (≤4 h/night, 5–8 h/night, and ≥9 h/night);

Also adjusted by sex (male and female), menopause (in women) (premenopausal [including perimenopausal], postmenopausal), and hormone therapy (in postmenopausal women) (not taking hormone therapy, taking hormone therapy).

Also adjusted by menopause (premenopausal [including perimenopausal], postmenopausal) and hormone therapy (in postmenopausal women) (not taking hormone therapy, taking hormone therapy).