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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 9.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Jul 8;173(13):1230–1238. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6473

Table 4.

Associations of Dietary Patterns With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality From a Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model Among Participants in the Adventist Health Study 2, 2002–2009

Characteristic Deaths, Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
All-Cause Ischemic Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Other
All (N = 73 308), No. of deathsa,b 2560 372 987 706 867
 Vegetarian
  Vegan 0.85 (0.73–1.01) 0.90 (0.60–1.33) 0.91 (0.71–1.16) 0.92 (0.68–1.24) 0.74 (0.56–0.99)
  Lacto-ovo 0.91 (0.82–1.00) 0.82 (0.62–1.06) 0.90 (0.76–1.06) 0.90 (0.75–1.09) 0.91 (0.77–1.07)
  Pesco 0.81 (0.69–0.94) 0.65 (0.43–0.97) 0.80 (0.62–1.03) 0.94 (0.72–1.22) 0.71 (0.54–0.94)
  Semi 0.92 (0.75–1.13) 0.92 (0.57–1.51) 0.85 (0.63–1.16) 0.94 (0.66–1.35) 0.99 (0.72–1.36)
 Nonvegetarian 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Men (n = 25 105), No. of deathsa 1031 169 390 273 368
 Vegetarian
  Vegan 0.72 (0.56–0.92) 0.45 (0.21–0.94) 0.58 (0.38–0.89) 0.81 (0.48–1.36) 0.81 (0.53–1.22)
  Lacto-ovo 0.86 (0.74–1.01) 0.76 (0.52–1.12) 0.77 (0.59–0.99) 1.01 (0.75–1.37) 0.89 (0.69–1.15)
  Pesco 0.73 (0.57–0.93) 0.77 (0.45–1.30) 0.66 (0.44–0.98) 1.10 (0.73–1.67) 0.60 (0.39–0.93)
  Semi 0.93 (0.68–1.26) 0.73 (0.33–1.60) 0.75 (0.43–1.32) 1.15 (0.65–2.03) 1.03 (0.62–1.71)
 Nonvegetarian 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Women (n = 48 203), No. of deathsa,c 1529 203 597 433 499
 Vegetarian
  Vegan 0.97 (0.78–1.20) 1.39 (0.87–2.24) 1.18 (0.88–1.60) 0.99 (0.69–1.44) 0.70 (0.47–1.05)
  Lacto-ovo 0.94 (0.83–1.07) 0.85 (0.59–1.22) 0.99 (0.81–1.22) 0.85 (0.67–1.09) 0.93 (0.75–1.17)
  Pesco 0.88 (0.72–1.07) 0.51 (0.26–0.99) 0.90 (0.66–1.23) 0.86 (0.61–1.21) 0.81 (0.58–1.15)
  Semi 0.92 (0.70–1.22) 1.09 (0.60–1.98) 0.93 (0.64–1.34) 0.85 (0.56–1.30) 0.97 (0.64–1.47)
 Nonvegetarian 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
a

Adjusted by age (ie, attained age as time variable), race (black, nonblack), smoking (current smoker, quit <1 year, quit 1–4 years, quit 5–9 years, quit 10–19 years, quit 20–29 years, quit ≥30 years, and never smoked), exercise (none, ≤20 min/week, 21–60 min/week, 61–150 min/week, and ≥151 min/week), personal income (≤$20 000/y, >$20 000–$50 000/y, >$50 000–$100 000/y, and >$100 000/y), educational level (up to high school graduate, trade school/some college/associate degree, bachelor degree, and graduate degree), marital status (married/common-law and single/widowed/divorced/separated), alcohol (nondrinker, rare drinker [<1.5 servings/mo], monthly drinker [1.5 to <4 servings/mo], weekly drinker [4 to <28 servings/mo], and daily drinker [≥28 servings/mo]), region (West, Northwest, Mountain, Midwest, East, and South), and sleep (≤4 h/night, 5–8 h/night, and ≥9 h/night).

b

Also adjusted by sex (male and female), menopause (in women) (premenopausal [including perimenopausal], postmenopausal), and hormone therapy (in postmenopausal women) (not taking hormone therapy, taking hormone therapy);

c

Also adjusted by menopause (premenopausal [including perimenopausal], postmenopausal) and hormone therapy (postmenopausal women) (not taking hormone therapy, taking hormone therapy).