Serum mRNA levels in breast cancer patients. A, HERV-K mRNA levels in sera of patients with DCIS and stage I, IIA, IIB or IIIA breast cancer. Patients with DCIS (*, p < 0.001), stage I (**, p = 0.0075) breast cancer, and stage IIB (***, p = 0.0011) breast cancer had significantly higher serum mRNA levels than controls by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. N=23 for DCIS, N=3 for stage I, N=4 for stage IIA, N=5 for stage IIB N=3 for stage IIIA and N=50 for control. B, ROC curve of serum HERV-K copy number (assessed by quantitative RT-PCR) in DCIS patients.