Table 1. Induction of cytokines by electroporation, and further enhancement by injection of DNA.

Study	EP induced cytokines	DNA enhancement of EP induced cytokines	Enhancement only by DNA/EP in combination
aThis study	IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, G-CSF, TNF-α, KC, MCP-1, Rantes	MCP-1, Rantes	IL-12p40, MIP-1α, MIP-1β
bPeng et al.[11]	MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-1γ, IP-10, MCP-2, XCL-1
d Figarella et al.[42]	TNF-α, IL-1β

^a50 mg of DNA was injected in each quadriceps immediately followed by electroporation (Elgen, Inovio). 3 days later, 23 cytokines were measured in homogenized muscle (Bio-Rad, Bio-plex 23-assay). Cytokines not increased by either EP or DNA/EP were: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, INF-γ, GM-CSF, and Eotaxin.

^bPeng et al. stimulated tibialis anterior muscle in BALB/c mice with electroporation, and isolated muscle at different time points 2, 4 h and 1, 3d after stimulation. Isolated RNA and measured chemokines with cDNA array.

^dFigarella et al. stimulated gluteus muscle with different combinations of electroporation, non-electroporation, DNA, PBS and empty DNA vector. TNF-α and IL-1β were measured using ELISA on samples isolated at 3 h.