Table 2.
Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI) for adolescent drunkenness and weekly drinking by adult drinking and alcohol control policies: multi-level logistic regression adjusted for age and gender.
| Fixed effects | Countries | Drunkenness
|
Weekly drinking
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (age and gender) | MOR/ICC | Model 1 (age and gender) | MOR/ICC | |||||
|
|
|
|||||||
| OR (95% CI) P-value | OR (95% CI) P-value | |||||||
| Adult drinking pattern | ||||||||
| Total, abstainers (%) | Low | 10 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.29 | 1.63/7.4 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.99 | 1.84/11.1 |
| Medium | 14 | 0.89 (0.58–1.35)* | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | |||||
| High | 13 | 0.68 (0.41–1.13)* | 0.96 (0.58–1.59) | |||||
| Pattern of drinking score | Low risk | 17 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.01 | 1.60/6.9 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.62 | 1.81/10.7 |
| High risk | 20 | 1.57 (1.14–2.18) | 0.86 (0.57–1.31) | |||||
| Per capita, total | Low | 11 | 1.00 (ref.) | <0.001 | 1.40/3.7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.13 | 1.78/10.0 |
| Medium | 14 | 1.98 (1.42–2.76)* | 1.32 (0.78–2.24) | |||||
| High | 12 | 3.35 (2.28–4.93)* | 1.86 (1.01–3.42) | |||||
| Per capita, drinkers | Low | 12 | 1.00 (ref.) | <0.001 | 1.50/5.1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.84 | 1.86/11.5 |
| Medium | 12 | 2.01 (1.44–2.81) | 1.10 (0.65–1.89) | |||||
| High | 11 | 2.64 (1.79–3.87) | 1.20 (0.64–2.22) | |||||
| Male binge (%) | Low | 7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.04 | 1.57/6.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.52 | 1.86/11.6 |
| Medium | 5 | 1.76 (0.99–3.15)* | 0.97 (0.43–2.18) | |||||
| High | 8 | 1.92 (1.15–3.20)* | 1.40 (0.69–2.86) | |||||
| Alcohol control policies | ||||||||
| Minimum purchasing age | 20–21 years | 3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.02 | 1.61/7.0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.01 | 1.69/8.4 |
| 18 years | 21 | 2.62 (1.43–4.80)* | 2.83 (1.40–5.72)* | |||||
| 16 years | 8 | 1.90 (0.99–3.67)* | 2.54 (1.19–5.44)* | |||||
| No age limit | 5 | 1.93 (0.91–4.90)* | 3.93 (1.66–9.28)* | |||||
| Availability policies | Strong | 7 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.01 | 1.46/4.6 | 1.00 (ref.) | <0.001 | 1.57/6.5 |
| Medium | 10 | 1.37 (0.89–2.10)* | 2.50 (1.58–3.97)* | |||||
| Weak | 10 | 1.90 (1.25–2.89)* | 3.16 (1.95–5.13)* | |||||
| Alcohol control policy index | Strong | 9 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.69 | 1.56/6.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.03 | 1.68/8.2 |
| Medium | 8 | 1.04 (0.64–1.68) | 1.88 (1.09–3.28)* | |||||
| Weak | 10 | 1.20 (0.74–0.94) | 1.93 (1.13–3.28)* | |||||
| Advertising restrictions | Strong | 8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.06 | 1.49/5.1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.06 | 1.69/8.5 |
| Medium | 8 | 1.14 (0.72–1.79)* | 1.33 (0.73–2.40)* | |||||
| Weak | 11 | 1.61 (1.06–2.47)* | 1.93 (1.11–3.36)* | |||||
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Country-level variation | 1.66/8.0 | 1.81/10.5 | ||||||
Significant P values (P < 0.05) are marked in bold.
*
Significant interaction on gender (for further information see Appendix).
MOR = median odds ratio; ICC = intraclass correlation.