Table 1. Characteristics of Study Population.
Chloroquine / Hydroxychloroquine Use** | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Overall | p-value | ||
Total | 6,339 (35.1) | 11,712 (64.9) | 18,051 (100.0) | ||
Rheumatologic Condition (Nmiss = 0) | SLE | 1,768 (27.9) | 1,617 (13.8) | 3,385 (18.8) | < 0.0001‡ |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | 3,570 (56.3) | 9,532 (81.4) | 13,102 (72.6) | ||
Both | 1,001 (15.8) | 563 (4.8) | 1,564 (8.7) | ||
Sex (Nmiss = 0) | Male | 1,004 (15.8) | 2,933 (25.0) | 3,937 (21.8) | < 0.0001‡ |
Female | 5,335 (84.2) | 8,779 (75.0) | 14,114 (78.2) | ||
Race (Nmiss = 1,459) | White | 4,910 (84.3) | 8,940 (83.0) | 13,850 (83.5) | 0.003‡ |
Black | 325 (5.6) | 558 (5.2) | 883 (5.3) | ||
Latino | 406 (7.0) | 936 (8.7) | 1,342 (8.1) | ||
Asian | 131 (2.2) | 233 (2.2) | 364 (2.2) | ||
Other | 55 (0.9) | 98 (0.9) | 153 (0.9) | ||
Education (Nmiss = 509) | Less than High School | 86 (1.4) | 174 (1.5) | 260 (1.5) | 0.0118‡ |
High School Diploma | 2,057 (33.3) | 3,906 (34.4) | 5,963 (34.0) | ||
Some College | 2,500 (40.5) | 4,721 (41.5) | 7,221 (41.2) | ||
College Diploma | 1,523 (24.7) | 2,549 (22.4) | 4,072 (23.2) | ||
Advanced Degree | 12 (0.2) | 14 (0.1) | 26 (0.1) | ||
Household Income (Nmiss = 1,126) | < $30,000 | 468 (7.9) | 944 (8.6) | 1,412 (8.3) | 0.0230‡ |
$30,000 – $60,000 | 1,966 (33.1) | 3,796 (34.6) | 5,762 (34.0) | ||
$60,000 – $100,000 | 2,139 (36.0) | 3,912 (35.6) | 6,051 (35.8) | ||
$100,000 – $125,000 | 759 (12.8) | 1,291 (11.8) | 2,050 (12.1) | ||
> $125,000 | 613 (10.3) | 1037 (9.4) | 1,650 (9.7) | ||
Medication Use (Nmiss = 0) | CQ use only | 36 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (0.2) | < 0.0001‡ |
HCQ use only | 6,248 (98.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6,248 (34.6) | ||
Both medications | 55 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 55 (0.3) | ||
Neither | 0 (0.0) | 11,712 (100.0) | 11,712 (64.9) | ||
Medication Use Duration (Nmiss = 0) | No Medication Use | 0 (0.0) | 11,712 (100.0) | 11,712 (64.9) | < 0.0001‡ |
< 12 Months | 2,150 (33.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2,150 (33.9) | ||
12-23 Months | 914 (14.4) | 0 (0.0) | 914 (14.4) | ||
24-47 Months | 1866 (29.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1866 (29.4) | ||
≥ 48 Months | 1409 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1409 (22.2) | ||
Eye Visits (Nmiss = 0) | No eye visits | 906 (14.3) | 3,308 (28.2) | 4,214 (23.3) | < 0.0001‡ |
One Year | 1,135 (17.9) | 2,811 (24.0) | 3,946 (21.9) | ||
Two years | 1,041 (16.4) | 1,774 (15.1) | 2,815 (15.6) | ||
Three years | 906 (14.3) | 1,494 (12.8) | 2,400 (13.3) | ||
Four years | 1,034 (16.3) | 1,133 (9.7) | 2,167 (12.0) | ||
Five years | 1,317 (20.8) | 1,192 (10.2) | 2,509 (13.9) | ||
Depression | No | 5,360 (84.6) | 10,009 (85.5) | 15,369 (85.1) | 0.1‡ |
Yes | 979 (15.4) | 1,703 (14.5) | 2,682 (14.9) | ||
Hypertension | None | 2,241 (35.4) | 3,250 (27.7) | 5,491 (30.4) | < 0.0001‡ |
Uncomplicated | 3,121 (49.2) | 6,238 (53.3) | 9,359 (51.8) | ||
Complicated | 977 (15.4) | 2,224 (19.0) | 3,201 (17.7) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | None | 4,782 (75.4) | 7,683 (65.6) | 12,465 (69.1) | < 0.0001‡ |
Uncomplicated | 1,079 (17.0) | 2,848 (24.3) | 3,927 (21.8) | ||
Complicated | 478 (7.5) | 1,181 (10.1) | 1,659 (9.2) | ||
Age at Enrollment (years) | 49.67 (11.43) | 52.70 (12.33) | 51.63 (12.11) | < 0.0001Δ | |
Time in Plan (years) | 7.90 (1.82) | 8.08 (1.82) | 8.01 (1.82) | < 0.0001Δ | |
Medication Use (days) | 824.10 (610.20) | ----- | 824.10 (610.20) † | ----- | |
Eye Visits | 5.06 (5.40) | 3.82 (6.17) | 4.25 (5.94) | < 0.0001Δ | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index* | 3.78 (2.92) | 4.25 (3.11) | 4.08 (3.06) | < 0.0001Δ |
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine use in the first five years of enrollment. Complicated diabetes=diabetes with end organ damage, complicated hypertension=hypertension with end organ damage, SLE = Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, CQ = chloroquine; HCQ = hydroxychloroquine
Excludes diabetes.
Only evaluated for the 6,339 individuals taking medication.
Chi-square test.
Two-sample t-test. Miss=Missing.