Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the subjects.
| Men | Women | P | |
| n | 807 | 904 | |
| Age (years) | 55.2±10.1 | 58.8±10.8 | <0.001 |
| DM duration (years) | 7.0±7.7 | 8.1±7.8 | 0.002 |
| Retinopathy (%)a | 27.2 | 26.2 | 0.677 |
| Nephropathy (%)b, c | 27.2 | 28.3 | 0.637 |
| History of CVD (%) | 11.5 | 7.7 | 0.008 |
| Insulin use (%) | 24.0 | 26.3 | 0.277 |
| Statin use (%) | 32.2 | 33.0 | 0.635 |
| ACEi/ARB use (%) | 31.9 | 35.1 | 0.159 |
| Smoking (%) | 38.1 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (%) | 56.6 | 17.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±3.2 | 25.1±3.7 | 0.006 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2±2.2 | 8.1±2.1 | 0.487 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.0±16.3 | 130.8±18.3 | 0.032 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.7±10.1 | 77.1±10.7 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 177.1±45.6 | 180.3±44.4 | 0.148 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 189.6±143.8 | 162.9±111.4 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.9±10.7 | 47.6±11.9 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.5±37.5 | 100.7±37.2 | 0.030 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)d | 103.1±28.5 | 103.3±33.1 | 0.892 |
| TB (mg/dL) | 0.82±0.35 | 0.67±0.26 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 25.9±11.9 | 26.0±12.3 | 0.862 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 28.9±17.0 | 26.4±16.5 | 0.002 |
| 10-year FRS (%) | 10.5±7.3 | 3.5±4.1 | <0.001 |
| PWV (m/s) | 15.3±3.0 | 16.1±3.6 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as means ± SD or percentage unless otherwise indicated.
CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; ACEi/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TB, total bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; FRS, Framingham Risk score; PWV, pulse wave velocity
measured in 1292 subjects (613 men and 679 women), bmeasured in 1419 (677 men and 742 women), cNephropathy was defined as the presence of micro-or macroalbuminuria, dThe eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation