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Morphology and chemical composition of the surface of extracted miniscrews. A, Field emission scanning electron microscope images of (a, c) UT and (b, d) APH samples in (a, b) 3 weeks and (c, d) 6 weeks after insertion. B, Corresponding results by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.
UT, Untreatment; APH, anodization, cyclic precalcification and heat treatment.
