Table 3.
Dose–response relationship between ETS exposure and DM in never-smokers
| ETS exposure >0 < 3 hours/day at home aOR (95% CI) | ETS exposure ≥3 hours/day at home aOR (95% CI) | ETS exposure >0 < 3 hours/day elsewhere bOR (95% CI) | ETS exposure ≥3 hours/day elsewhere bOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | 1.06 (0.60, 1.85) | 3.35 (1.46, 7.69) | 1.47 (0.87,2.47) | 0.98(0.35,2.72) |
| Adjusted for age and sex | 1.41 (0.79, 2.51) | 3.51 (1.48, 8.33) | 1.77 (1.03,3.03) | 1.55(0.54,4.44) |
| + socio-economic status | 1.33 (0.75, 2.38) | 3.44 (1.45, 8.14) | 1.69 (0.98,2.92) | 1.47(0.51,4.22) |
| + lifestyle characteristicsc | 1.26 (0.70, 2.28) | 2.83 (1.18, 6.82) | 1.55 (0.89,2.69) | 1.40(0.48,4.09) |
| + home outdoor PM10 | 1.27 (0.70, 2.30) | 2.81 (1.17, 6.75) | 1.55 (0.89,2.70) | 1.41(0.49,4.09) |
| + body mass index | 1.01 (0.54, 1.88) | 2.62 (1.04, 6.62) | 1.25 (0.70,2.24) | 1.31(0.43,4.01) |
aestimates are compared with no ETS exposure at home. bestimates are compared with no ETS exposure elsewhere. Socio-economic status includes educational attainment and area-level socio-economic position; cinclude alcohol consumption, smoking pack-years, work exposure to dust gas and fumes, citrus fruits, other fruits and raw vegetables, and physical activity. OR: odds ratio. OR values represent % increase in diabetes prevalence for exposure to ETS compared to the reference group. CI: confidence interval. PM10: particulate matter <10 μm in diameter. Area was treated as a random effect in all models. + indicates additional adjustment. N = 2779.