Table 4.
Patterns of susceptibility to ETS in association with diabetes mellitus, in never smokers
| Variable | Categories | ETS (yes vs. no) in never-smokers.OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ≤ 50 years | 0.32 (0.07, 1.60) |
| > 50 years | 1.69 (1.10, 2.60) | |
| Interaction | 0.05 | |
| Sex | Males | 1.23 (0.65, 2.35) |
| Females | 1.71 (1.01, 2.92) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.443 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | < 25 | 1.15 (0.42, 3.19) |
| 25-29 | 1.24 (0.68, 2.27) | |
| ≥30 | 1.97 (1.12, 3.46) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.261 | |
| Hypertension | No | 1.23 (0.56, 2.73) |
| Yes | 1.64 (1.01, 2.66) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.545 | |
| COPD (FEV1/FVC <0.7) | No | 1.18 (0.75, 1.87) |
| Yes | 4.55 (1.69, 12.3) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.015 | |
| Educational level | ≤ 9 years | 1.38 (0.44, 4.31) |
| >9 years | 1.52 (0.98, 2.36) | |
| Interaction | 0.254 | |
| Vigorous physical activity | <0.5 hours/week | 1.88 (1.09, 3.19) |
| ≥0.5 hours/week | 1.05 (0.62, 1.79) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.160 | |
| Triglyceride level (mmol/l) | ≤ 1.52 | 0.89 (0.38, 2.10) |
| > 1.52 | 1.85 (1.13, 3.02) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.149 | |
| HDL level (mmol/l) | ≤ 1.51 | 1.59 (0.96, 2.61) |
| > 1.51 | 1.34 (0.61, 2.94) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.718 | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | ≤1.0 | 1.71 (0.83, 3.56) |
| >1.0 | 1.47 (0.89, 2.45) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.742 | |
| Menopause | No | 0.56 (0.07, 4.33) |
| Yes | 2.14 (1.13, 4.05) | |
| Interaction p-value | 0.217 |
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FVC: forced vital capacity. HDL: high density lipoproteins. OR values represent % increase in prevalent diabetes for ETS exposure in never smokers in each category. Triglyceride and C-reactive protein were grouped by its median value while HDL was grouped by its mean value. Area was treated as a random effect in all models. Group-specific estimates were obtained from a single model. P-values of interaction terms (between exposure and potential effect modifiers) were obtained from a separate model.