Table 2. Regression Analyses Predicting Obesity Risk in Relation to Sociodemographic Characteristics and Chronic Conditions Among Men and Women Aged 15 Years and Older, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013a .
| Sociodemographic Characteristic/ Risk Factor | Obese Men |
Obese Women |
Sociodemographic Model, OR (95% CI) |
Backward Elimination Model, AOR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (Weighted %) | SE | N (Weighted %) | SE | Men (N – 5,071) | Women (N = 5,222) | Men (N = 4,800) | Women (N = 4,950) | |
| Ageb | —b | —b | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1,136 (67.9) | 2.01 | 1,456 (67.2) | 1.56 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Never married | 241 (30.8) | 2.02 | 216 (21.2) | 1.53 | 1.04 (0.61–1.78) | 1.55 (1.09–2.22) | 1.27 (0.69–2.34) | 1.51 (1.03–2.23) |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 38 (1.3) | 0.26 | 360 (11.6) | 0.82 | 1.99 (1.52–2.61) | 2.14 (1.68–2.72) | 2.07 (1.55–2.75) | 2.32 (1.80–2.99) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary school or less | 338 (22.0) | 1.48 | 978 (45.8) | 1.54 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Elementary or high school completed | 684 (51.5) | 1.88 | 659 (36.4) | 1.50 | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) |
| College degree or higher education | 393 (26.5) | 1.61 | 396 (17.9) | 1.15 | 1.45 (1.11–1.91) | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 1.31 (0.99–1.75) | 0.77 (0.61–0.99) |
| Tobacco smoking status | ||||||||
| Never smoked | 961 (67.9) | 1.76 | 1,986 (97.5) | 0.49 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Previous smoker | 139 (8.6) | 0.97 | 10 (0.4) | 0.16 | — | — | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 0.70 (0.22–2.21) |
| Current smoker | 315 (23.5) | 1.63 | 40 (2.1) | 0.46 | — | — | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 1.39 (0.78–2.49) |
| Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables (servings) | ||||||||
| 0 | 34 (2.5) | 0.61 | 54 (3.6) | 0.60 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| 0.1–2.9 | 1,007 (73.6) | 1.63 | 1,580 (76.4) | 1.34 | — | — | 1.34 (0.74–2.42) | 0.73 (0.45–1.19) |
| 3. –4.9 | 212 (13.8) | 1.22 | 240 (11.7) | 1.01 | — | — | 1.73 (0.92–3.28) | 0.76 (0.44–1.32) |
| ≥5 | 141 (10.1) | 1.12 | 135 (8.4) | 0.90 | — | — | 1.80 (0.91–3.57) | 0.85 (0.47–1.54) |
| Daily consumption of red meat and chicken (servings) | ||||||||
| 0 – 0.9 | 313 (24.5) | 1.61 | 719 (34.9) | 1.45 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| 1 – 1.9 | 500 (36.9) | 1.84 | 737 (36.9) | 1.51 | — | — | 1.18 (0.93–1.51) | 1.16 (0.95–1.43) |
| 2 – 2.9 | 291 (15.4) | 1.25 | 285 (12.6) | 1.02 | — | — | 1.41 (1.05–1.88) | 1.26 (0.94–1.68) |
| ≥3 | 303 (23.1) | 1.64 | 275 (15.5) | 1.17 | — | — | 1.47 (1.10–1.98) | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) |
| Level of physical activity | ||||||||
| None | 470 (28.4) | 1.61 | 1,046 (46.2) | 1.52 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Insufficient | 343 (25.6) | 1.63 | 529 (29.7) | 1.46 | — | — | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 1.23 (0.99–1.51) |
| Moderate | 234 (18.1) | 1.52 | 182 (9.3) | 0.94 | — | — | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 1.30 (0.95–1.78) |
| Vigorous | 370 (27.9) | 1.74 | 281 (14.8) | 1.11 | — | — | 0.54 (0.42–0.69) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
| History of chronic condition diagnosis | ||||||||
| No | 1295 (90.9) | 1.10 | 1,890 (91.8) | 0.92 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 121 (9.1) | 1.10 | 145 (8.2) | 0.92 | — | — | 1.24 (0.84–1.81) | 1.80 (1.22–2.64) |
| History of diabetes diagnosis | ||||||||
| No | 1,129 (82.3) | 1.30 | 1,685 (87.3) | 0.92 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 280 (17.7) | 1.30 | 334 (12.7) | 0.92 | — | — | 1.46 (1.12–1.91) | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) |
| History of hypercholesterolemia diagnosis | ||||||||
| No | 1,177 (86.9) | 1.16 | 1,782 (91.7) | 0.78 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 203 (13.1) | 1.16 | 202 (8.3) | 0.78 | — | — | 1.57 (1.16–2.14) | 1.28 (0.86–1.91) |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| Healthy | 270 (20.0) | 1.54 | 722 (38.8) | 1.53 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | |
| Prehypertensive | 655 (47.9) | 1.89 | 780 (39.2) | 1.51 | — | — | 1.89 (1.48–2.41) | 1.64 (1.35–1.99) |
| Hypertensive | 486 (32.2) | 1.72 | 529 (22.1) | 1.23 | — | — | 3.63 (2.70–4.88) | 2.18 (1.65–2.89) |
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; —,not included in the sociodemographic model.
a
Models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics: age, marital status, and education.
b
Age was used as a continuous variable in the logistic regression models. Hence, the AOR for age indicates an increase of 1 year of age.