| = | average LOS in year y holding case mix constant in year t, | |
| where pi,t | = | proportion of surgical cases with procedure i holding case mix constant in year t, |
| ALOSi,y | = | average LOS for procedure i in year y, and |
| i | = | primary surgical procedure defined at the three-digit level of the ICD-9-CM coding system. (We analyzed surgical procedures defined at the three-digit level to achieve a balance between clinical specificity and adequate sample size.) |
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