Table 1.
Reappraisal studies included in meta-analysis
| Study | Contrast type(s) | N | Valence | Stimulus type | Goal | Tactic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beauregard et al. (2001) | Control | 10 | Pos | Videos | Dec | Dist |
| Domes et al. (2010) | Control, both | 33 | Neg | Photos | Both | Both |
| Eippert et al. (2007) | Control, both, emotion | 24 | Neg | Photos | Both | Both |
| Erk et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 17 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Dist |
| Goldin et al. (2008) | Control | 17 | Neg | Videos | Dec | Reint |
| Grecucci et al. (2012) | Both | 21 | Neg | Ultimatum offers | Both | Reint |
| Harenski and Hamann (2006) | Control | 10 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Both |
| Hayes et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 25 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Herwig et al. (2007) | Control (2) | 14 | Both | Anticipation of photos | Dec | Reint |
| Hollmann et al. (2012) | Control | 17 | Pos | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Ichikawa et al. (2011) | Both, emotion | 17 | Neg | Task errors | Both | Reint |
| Kanske et al. (2011) | Control, emotion | 30 | Both | Photos | Dec | Both |
| Kanske et al. (2012) | Control (2), emotion (2) | 26 | Both | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Kim and Hamann, (2007) | Both (2), control (2) | 10 | Both | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Kober et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 21 | Pos | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Koenigsberg et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 16 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Dist |
| Krendl et al. (2012) | Control, emotion | 16 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Unclear |
| Kross et al. (2009) | Emotion (2) | 16 | Neg | Memories | Dec | Reint |
| Lang et al. (2012) | Both (2), control (4) | 15 | Neg | Scripts | Both | Dist |
| Leiberg et al. (2012) | Both (2), control, emotion | 24 | Neg | Photos | Both | Dist |
| Levesque et al. (2003) | Control | 20 | Neg | Videos | Dec | Dist |
| Mak et al. (2009) | Control (2), emotion (2) | 12 | Both | Photos | Dec | Unclear |
| McRae et al. (2008) | Control, emotion | 25 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| McRae et al. (2010)a | Control, emotion | 18 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| McRae, Gross et al. (2012a) | Control, emotion | 38 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| McRae, Misra et al. (2012b)a | Control, emotion | 26 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Modinos et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 18 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| New et al. (2009) | Both (2), control (3) | 14 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Ochsner et al. (2002) | Control, emotion | 15 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Ochsner et al. (2004) | Both, control, emotion | 24 | Neg | Photos | Both | Both |
| Ochsner et al. (2009) | Both, emotion | 20 | Neg | Photos | Inc | Both |
| Ohira et al. (2006) | Control, emotion | 10 | Both | Photos | Dec | Unclear |
| Opitz et al. (2012) | Control | 31 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Perlman et al. (2012) | Control, emotion | 14 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Phan et al. (2005) | Control, emotion | 14 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Pitskel et al. (2011) | Both, control, emotion | 15 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Schardt et al. (2010) | Control, emotion | 37 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Dist |
| Schulze et al. (2011) | Both, control, emotion (2) | 16 | Neg | Photos | Both | Both |
| Sokol-Hessner et al. (2012) | Control (2), emotion | 16 | Both | Economic decision-making | Both | Dist |
| Staudinger et al. (2009) | Control | 16 | Pos | Anticipation and receipt of monetary reward | Dec | Dist |
| Staudinger et al. (2011) | Control, emotion | 24 | Pos | Anticipation of monetary reward | Dec | Dist |
| Urry et al. (2006) | Both, control | 17 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Urry et al. (2009) | Both, control | 26 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Van Reekum et al. (2007) | Both, control, emotion | 29 | Neg | Photos | Both | Reint |
| Vrticka et al. (2011)a | Control, emotion (4) | 19 | Both | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Wager, Davidson et al. (2008)a | Control, emotion | 30 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Reint |
| Walter et al. (2009) | Control, emotion | 18 | Neg | Photos | Dec | Dist |
| Winecoff et al. (2011) | Control (2), emotion (2) | 42 | Both | Photos | Dec | Dist |
“Control” contrasts indexed activity supporting reappraisal; for example, downregulation of emotional responses to negative stimuli > respond naturally. “Emotion” contrasts indexed only activity that was impacted by regulation; for example, respond naturally to positive stimuli > downregulate. “Both” contrasts indexed both “control” and “emotion” activity; for example, upregulate positive stimuli > respond naturally. Stimulus valence indicates whether positive (pos), negative (neg), or both positive and negative stimuli (both) were used and stimulus type indicates the type of stimulus utilized. Goal indicates whether reappraisal was used to increase (inc), decrease (dec), or increase and decrease (both) affective responses. Tactic indicates whether participants were instructed to reinterpret (reint), distance (distance), use some combination of strategies or their own choice (both), or whether it was unclear what participants were instructed to do (unclear).
aIndicates that coordinates were obtained via personal communication with authors.