Table 4.
Bipolar Sample Demographics
| Characteristic | BPP (N = 33) | BPW (N = 40) | HCS (N = 56) | Significance (HCS, BPP, BPW) | Significance (BPW vs BPP) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F Value/ Chi-Square | P Value, 2 Tail | T Value/ Chi-Square | P Value, 2 Tail | |
| Age (y) | 34.18 (10.9) | 30.20 (11.5) | 31.25 (10.3) | 1.29 | .28 | 1.51 | .14 |
| Gender (% female) | 21 (63%) | 32 (80%) | 32 (57%) | 5.52 | .06 | 2.43 | .12 |
| Education (y) | 13.94 (1.6) | 14.45 (2.1) | 15.11 (2.1) | 3.75 | .03 | 1.14 | .26 |
| Mother’s education (y) | 13.67 (3.0) | 14.26 (2.3) | 13.63 (2.6) | 0.77 | .47 | 0.96 | .34 |
| Father’s education (y) | 14.64 (3.4) | 15.00 (3.8) | 12.98 (3.9) | 3.97 | .02 | 0.43 | .67 |
| Mean parental education | 14.15 (2.9) | 14.63 (2.7) | 13.30 (2.9) | 2.45 | .09 | 0.67 | .50 |
| Clinical course | |||||||
| Age at diagnosis (y) | 18.27 (6.1) | 18.73 (6.9) | N/A | — | — | 0.29 | .77 |
| Duration of illness (y) | 15.91 (10.9) | 11.48 (9.1) | N/A | — | — | 1.89 | .06 |
| Current symptomatology | |||||||
| Depression (HAM-D) | 3.12 (3.1) | 4.33 (4.0) | 0.33 (0.7) | 25.80 | .0000 | 1.41 | .16 |
| Mania (YMRS) | 2.45 (3.3) | 2.88 (3.7) | 0.15 (0.4) | 14.55 | .0000 | 0.51 | .61 |
| Psychosis (BPRS) | 28.79 (4.4) | 27.90 (3.6) | 24.56 (1.0) | 23.56 | .0000 | 0.95 | .35 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||||
| Mood stabilizer(s) | 18 (54%) | 19 (47%) | N/A | — | — | 0.36 | .55 |
| Antidepressant(s) | 11 (33%) | 20 (50%) | N/A | — | — | 2.06 | .15 |
| Atypical antipsychotic(s) | 15 (45%) | 10 (25%) | N/A | — | — | 3.36 | .07 |
| Anxiolytic/benzodiazepine(s) | 12 (36%) | 14 (35%) | N/A | — | — | 0.01 | .90 |
| Lithium | 8 (24%) | 5 (12%) | N/A | — | — | 1.70 | .19 |
| Unmedicated | 6 (18%) | 6 (15%) | N/A | — | — | 0.13 | .72 |
| Typical Antipsychotic(s) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | N/A | — | — | 0.84 | .36 |
| Comorbid diagnoses, n (%) | |||||||
| Anxiety | 13 (39%) | 19 (47%) | N/A | — | — | 0.48 | .49 |
| Alcohol | 18 (54%) | 22 (55%) | N/A | — | — | 0.00 | .97 |
| Drug use history | 14 (42%) | 16 (40%) | N/A | — | — | 0.04 | .83 |
| Signal to noise | 217.71 (51.1) | 216.04 (54.0) | 215.45 (58.9) | 55.19 | .98 | 0.14 | .89 |
| % Frames flagged | 11.74 (9.5) | 10.82 (10.1) | 9.74 (10.4) | 0.42 | .66 | 0.43 | .67 |
Note: BPP, bipolar patients with psychosis history; BPW, bipolar patients without psychosis history; HCS, healthy control subjects; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression rating scale; Hx, history; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale. Age, education levels, parental education, age at diagnosis and duration of illness are expressed in years. Of note, no pairwise BPP-BPW comparisons reached significance. As mentioned in the “Method” section, we selected a subset of SCZ (N = 73) patients that demographically matched BD patients for follow-up pairwise comparisons (shown in figure 5). If there were significant differences between clinical groups (eg, gender proportion and % frames scrubbed), we used these variables as covariates.