Table 1.
Demographics and drug use of all study participants.
| Between- Group Test | Impaired Insight Cocaine (N=15) | Intact Insight Cocaine (N=18) | Intact Insight Controls (N=20) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: Male/Female | χ2=0.4 | 13/2 | 15/3 | 18/2 |
| Race: African-American/Caucasian/Other | χ2=1.0 | 10/4/1 | 11/5/2 | 15/4/1 |
| Age (years) | F=1.9 | 44.1 ± 8.1 | 43.0 ± 8.6 | 39.6 ± 5.5 |
| Education (years) | F=2.9 | 12.2 ± 1.4 | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 13.3 ± 1.0 |
| Verbal IQ: Wide Range Achievement Test III – Scaled Score90 | F=2.4 | 96.9 ± 10.1 | 91.9 ± 13.7 | 100.6 ± 11.7 |
| Non-Verbal IQ: WASI - Matrix Reasoning Scale91 | F=0.2 | 10.2 ± 6.0 | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 10.9 ± 2.6 |
| Depression: Beck Depression Inventory II92 | H=23.5*** | 10.5 ± 6.0C | 9.4 ± 8.5C | 1.7 ± 3.2A,B |
| Socioeconomic Status: Hollingshead Index | F=1.9 | 28.8 ± 5.3 | 35.7 ± 12.3 | 34.7 ± 10.6 |
| Cigarette smokers (current or past/nonsmokers) | χ2=20.4*** | 11/4C | 16/2C | 4/16A,B |
| Daily cigarettes (current smokers: N = 9/13/2) | F=0.0 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 7.3 ± 5.7 | 7.0 ± 4.2 |
| Time since last cigarette smoking (within 4 hrs./>4 hrs.) | χ2=5.4 | 5/4 | 3/10 | 2/0 |
| Cocaine diagnosis status: current/remission | χ2=0.1 | 13/2 | 15/3 | -- |
| Cocaine urine status: positive/negative (immediately before fMRI) | χ2=3.5 | 7/8 | 3/15 | -- |
| Treatment seeking status: no/yes | χ2=3.9 | 11/4 | 7/11 | -- |
| Cocaine age of onset (years) | t=1.7 | 29.1 ± 7.3 | 24.7 ± 7.3 | -- |
| Cocaine duration of use (years) | t=1.8 | 11.6 ± 6.8 | 16.5 ± 8.2 | -- |
| Cocaine past month use: days/week | z=−2.0 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.8 ± 1.4 | -- |
| Cocaine past month use: $/use | t=0.8 | 42.3 ± 53.1 | 28.0 ± 43.3 | -- |
| Cocaine current abstinence (min – max, median) | z=−1.8 | 0–548, 4 | 0–1825, 31 | -- |
| Cocaine longest abstinence (min – max, median) | z=−1.1 | 18–2920, 210 | 21–3650, 1003.5 | -- |
| Withdrawal symptoms: CSSA (0–126) | t=0.4 | 14.9 ± 10.0 | 16.4 ± 12.0 | -- |
| Severity of Dependence Scale (0–15) | t=0.0 | 8.1 ± 3.3 | 8.1 ± 3.6 | -- |
| Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (0–45) | t=2.9* | 20.7 ± 12.2B | 10.3 ± 8.5A | -- |
Note. Values are frequencies or means ± standard deviation;
p<0.05,
p<0.001
(mean value significantly differs from that of impaired insight cocaine participants;
mean value significantly differs from that of intact insight cocaine participants;
mean value significantly differs from that of controls);
Race: Other (Hispanic/Asian); WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; CSSA = Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment Scale. With the exception of cocaine craving, impaired insight and intact insight cocaine participants were generally well-matched on drug use variables; any factors that did differ between groups (depression, cigarette smoking history, or craving) did not explain our results as described in Supplementary Materials.