Table 5.
Association between demographic characteristics and time spent using electronic devices for different types of activities
| Time spent engaged in activity | Age | Sexa | Paternal educationa | Maternal educationa | Grade Point Average (GPA) in prior yeara | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15 (n=271) (%) |
≥15 (n=497) (%) |
Mann Whitney Z-value (p) |
male (n=323) (%) |
female (n=440) (%) |
Mann Whitney Z-value (p) |
no degree (n=393) (%) |
has degree (n=344) (%) |
Mann Whitney Z-value (p) |
no degree (n=389) (%) |
has degree (n=353) (%) |
Mann Whitney Z-value (p) |
≤2.5 (n=144) (%) |
2.51-3.0 (n=233) (%) |
3.01-3.5 (n=217) (%) |
3.51-4.0 (n=162) (%) |
Spearman correlation rs (p) |
|
| TALKING ON FIXED OR MOBILE PHONE | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 19.3 | 13.7 | 19.2 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 12.5 | 17.2 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 14.2 | 18.9 | 14.3 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 67.0 | 63.8 | 3.36 | 65.9 | 64.5 | 3.48 | 61.6 | 68.5 | 0.26 | 63.5 | 67.3 | 0.66 | 61.1 | 63.9 | 67.7 | 66.5 | -0.046 |
| 30-60 min | 8.5 | 10.1 | (0.001) | 7.2 | 10.9 | (<0.001) | 9.4 | 9.9 | (0.796) | 9.8 | 9.4 | (0.512) | 14.6 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 9.3 | (0.206) |
| 1-3 h | 3.7 | 9.5 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 6.0 | 6.2 | |||||
| >3h | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 3.7 | |||||
| OTHER MODES OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONb | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 12.4 | 7.3 | 10.7 | 7.8 | 10.8 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 9.8 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 19.4 | 19.2 | 2.16 | 21.7 | 16.6 | 2.58 | 19.3 | 20.1 | 0.21 | 17.4 | 22.7 | 0.95 | 15.2 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 22.0 | -0.043 |
| 30-60 min | 16.4 | 13.4 | (0.031) | 15.4 | 13.4 | (0.010) | 11.8 | 17.1 | (0.834) | 12.8 | 16.5 | (0.342) | 14.3 | 16.9 | 13.9 | 10.6 | (0.297) |
| 1-3 h | 28.4 | 30.6 | 28.3 | 31.2 | 29.2 | 31.6 | 30.9 | 28.8 | 26.8 | 28.1 | 31.8 | 33.3 | |||||
| >3h | 23.4 | 29.5 | 23.9 | 30.9 | 28.9 | 24.5 | 28.5 | 24.8 | 34.8 | 25.8 | 26.6 | 24.4 | |||||
| DOING HOMEWORK ON COMPUTER | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 29.5 | 29.4 | 30.1 | 29.0 | 32.0 | 26.0 | 29.9 | 28.7 | 24.1 | 33.0 | 30.6 | 28.5 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 36.0 | 29.6 | 1.03 | 34.9 | 29.0 | 1.89 | 29.4 | 34.6 | 0.74 | 29.9 | 33.3 | 0.47 | 34.8 | 32.4 | 30.6 | 28.5 | 0.005 |
| 30-60 min | 22.0 | 23.6 | (0.303) | 24.3 | 21.8 | (0.059) | 22.2 | 24.5 | (0.459) | 22.5 | 24.4 | (0.637) | 25.9 | 20.1 | 19.7 | 30.1 | (0.895) |
| 1-3 h | 6.5 | 13.1 | 8.5 | 13.1 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 13.3 | 8.9 | |||||
| >3h | 6.0 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 4.1 | |||||
| WATCHING TELEVISION OR MOVIES (any device) | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 1.1 | 5.2 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 1.8 | 3.1 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 12.5 | 11.7 | 1.05 | 9.6 | 13.7 | 0.32 | 9.7 | 15.5 | 0.94 | 10.3 | 14.5 | 1.09 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 13.7 | -0.008 |
| 30-60 min | 10 | 9.5 | (0.294) | 9.9 | 9.6 | -0.752 | 9.9 | 9.9 | (0.349) | 10 | 9.7 | (0.277) | 9 | 7.7 | 12.4 | 9.3 | (0.835) |
| 1-3 h | 35.8 | 35.3 | 39.9 | 32.3 | 35.4 | 35.9 | 34.7 | 36.4 | 30.6 | 35.6 | 38.2 | 33.5 | |||||
| >3h | 40.6 | 38.3 | 37.5 | 40.3 | 39.7 | 36.4 | 40.4 | 36.4 | 44.4 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 40.4 | |||||
| PLAYING GAMES ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 13.3 | 15.4 | 6.9 | 20.4 | 16.7 | 12.1 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 6.1 | 17.4 | 19.3 | 11.4 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 31.5 | 28.9 | 0.14 | 23.3 | 34.9 | 7.24 | 30.9 | 28.3 | 1.44 | 31.7 | 27 | 0.52 | 31.3 | 24.4 | 29.9 | 35.6 | -0.094 |
| 30-60 min | 15.7 | 16.1 | (0.889) | 16.1 | 16.1 | (<0.001) | 12.7 | 19.6 | (0.149) | 14.4 | 17.5 | (0.604) | 14.4 | 17.8 | 15.2 | 15.4 | (0.014) |
| 1-3 h | 23.4 | 20.3 | 29.5 | 14.8 | 22.7 | 20.6 | 21.8 | 20.9 | 24.2 | 20.2 | 20.8 | 22.1 | |||||
| >3h | 16.1 | 19.4 | 24.3 | 13.8 | 17.0 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 19.1 | 24.2 | 20.2 | 14.7 | 15.4 | |||||
| LISTENING TO MUSIC ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 7.8 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 2.1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 8.1 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 26.5 | 23.5 | 1.62 | 28.3 | 21.6 | 2.01 | 24 | 25.7 | 0.98 | 24 | 25.9 | 1.56 | 25.7 | 23.3 | 25.8 | 25 | -0.019 |
| 30-60 min | 15.7 | 16.6 | (0.104) | 16.5 | 16.1 | (0.045) | 17.6 | 15.4 | (0.329) | 16 | 17 | (0.118) | 15.3 | 21.1 | 13.6 | 12.5 | (0.599) |
| 1-3 h | 25.7 | 29.4 | 25.9 | 29.9 | 25.8 | 30.2 | 27.9 | 27.3 | 31.9 | 25.4 | 29.1 | 28.7 | |||||
| >3h | 24.3 | 26.0 | 23.4 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 22.5 | 27.1 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 24.6 | 25.8 | 25.6 | |||||
| LISTENING TO OTHER AUDIO (ANY DEVICE) | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 47.7 | 44.7 | 42.7 | 48.4 | 48.7 | 41.2 | 48.1 | 42.9 | 44.4 | 49.1 | 45.5 | 40.9 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 28.6 | 31.5 | 0.35 | 33.6 | 28.0 | 1.16 | 28.7 | 34.1 | 1.44 | 29.4 | 32.3 | 1.07 | 29.9 | 29.7 | 29.9 | 34.0 | 0.021 |
| 30-60 min | 7.5 | 11.6 | (0.726) | 9.3 | 10.6 | (0.245) | 7.9 | 13.4 | (0.150) | 8.6 | 12.7 | (0.285) | 6.2 | 9.1 | 13.3 | 10.7 | (0.574) |
| 1-3 h | 8.6 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 8.8 | |||||
| >3h | 7.5 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 9.7 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 5.7 | |||||
| OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON COMPUTERc | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 10.4 | 9.2 | 12.0 | 7.8 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 12.4 | 7.6 | 8.9 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 26.9 | 24.3 | 0.29 | 28.5 | 22.2 | 2.70 | 27.1 | 24.7 | 1.46 | 26.4 | 25.7 | 0.51 | 24.1 | 24.7 | 27.3 | 26.0 | -0.012 |
| 30-60 min | 14.9 | 17.4 | (0.769) | 16.1 | 16.6 | (0.007) | 16.2 | 16.5 | (0.144) | 15.2 | 18.1 | (0.611) | 16.7 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 13.0 | (0.778) |
| 1-3 h | 24.9 | 28.6 | 24.7 | 29.7 | 23.1 | 31.5 | 25.3 | 27.9 | 25.9 | 22.5 | 27.3 | 34.1 | |||||
| >3h | 22.9 | 20.5 | 18.7 | 23.8 | 21.8 | 20.2 | 23.3 | 18.8 | 25.0 | 22.5 | 20.3 | 17.9 | |||||
| TOTAL DAILY TIME ON COMPUTER, ANY ACTIVITY | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 3.1 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 15.6 | 10.3 | 0.76 | 13.2 | 11.1 | 0.5 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 0.18 | 10.8 | 14.4 | 1.66 | 11.8 | 10.9 | 13.7 | 13.0 | -0.046 |
| 30-60 min | 8.5 | 9.9 | (0.448) | 9.6 | 9.1 | (0.618) | 10.7 | 7.7 | (0.861) | 9.2 | 9.9 | (0.096) | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 10.7 | (0.256) |
| 1-3 h | 31.8 | 33.9 | 34.2 | 32.0 | 31.4 | 35.3 | 31.5 | 34.6 | 30.3 | 35.3 | 34.1 | 30.5 | |||||
| >3h | 42.7 | 44.0 | 42.3 | 45.2 | 44.0 | 42.3 | 46.5 | 39.7 | 48.7 | 42.4 | 42.3 | 42.7 | |||||
| TOTAL DAILY TIME ON CELL PHONE, ANY ACTIVITY | |||||||||||||||||
| none | 5.9 | 5.0 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 4.3 | |||||
| 5-30 min | 40.7 | 34.8 | 1.74 | 39.3 | 35.3 | 3.11 | 34.9 | 40.5 | 0.88 | 36.0 | 38.9 | 0.67 | 35.4 | 34.3 | 38 | 40.7 | -0.031 |
| 30-60 min | 17 | 19.9 | (0.083) | 19.2 | 18.7 | (0.002) | 21.4 | 16.9 | (0.380) | 19.8 | 18.5 | (0.502) | 20.1 | 20.6 | 16.7 | 17.9 | (0.398) |
| 1-3 h | 21.9 | 21.9 | 20.1 | 23.5 | 19.3 | 23.3 | 20.8 | 21.6 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 20.4 | |||||
| >3h | 14.4 | 18.3 | 13.6 | 19.4 | 18.3 | 14.3 | 17.7 | 15.6 | 18.1 | 15.9 | 17.1 | 16.7 | |||||
| TOTAL TIME ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES IN LAST 24 HOURS | |||||||||||||||||
| under 3 hours | 25.5 | 20.7 | 21.4 | 23.2 | 23.4 | 22.1 | 21.1 | 24.4 | 22.2 | 25.8 | 19.8 | 21.0 | |||||
| 3-5 hours | 21 | 24.3 | 1.13 | 23.8 | 22.3 | 0.2 | 21.9 | 23.6 | 0, 24 | 23.9 | 23.2 | 1.05 | 18.8 | 20.6 | 25.3 | 29.0 | -0.039 |
| 6-11 hours | 28.4 | 26.4 | (0.259) | 27.6 | 27.0 | (0.843) | 27.2 | 26.5 | (0.813) | 26.5 | 26.6 | (0.295) | 26.4 | 24.0 | 31.8 | 24.1 | (0.283) |
| 12+ hours | 25.1 | 28.6 | 27.2 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 25.8 | 32.6 | 29.6 | 23.0 | 25.9 | |||||
a In 5 cases no sex is coded, in 31 cases no paternal education is coded, in 26 cases no maternal education is coded, and in 12 cases no GPA is coded
b Includes visiting social network sites, instant messaging, and e-mailing
c Includes visiting video websites, watching music videos, doing graphics, reading magazines or newspapers on computer, and other computer activities not included in previous categories