Figure 4.

Water nanoconfinement increase by electrostatic field application to CNA. (a) Local D of nanoconfined water are plotted as predicted by Equations 4 and 6, while considering different Coulomb charges on carbon atoms for simulating the application of an electrostatic field to CNA, namely q_C,i= 0 eV, (b)q_C,i= 0.5 eV or (c)q_C,i= 1.0 eV. (d) The considered CNA section presents pore diameters distributed with Gaussian probability (μ= 2.0 nm; σ= 0.5 nm). When no electrostatic field is applied, ${\delta }^{\left(V_0\right)}=0.37\text{nm}$ and 15% of CNA pores contain totally confined water (i.e., θ= 1) with near zero mobility; whereas (e) with q_C,i= 0.5 eV, ${\delta }^{\left(V_1\right)}=0.50\text{nm}$ and the percentage rises to 32% or (f) with q_C,i= 1.0 eV, ${\delta }^{\left(V_2\right)}=0.70\text{nm}$ and the percentage further increases to 67%. h≈ 0.34 nm is the minimum approaching distance between carbon atoms and water molecules.