Figure 1. Schematic presentation of editing pathways.

Pre-transfer editing can occur through enhanced dissociation of non-cognate aminoacyl-adenylate (2) or its enzymatic hydrolysis (1, 3), which may be tRNA-independent (1) or tRNA-dependent (3). After transfer, mischarged tRNA can be deacylated through post-transfer editing (4). The colors in the scheme match the color of the domain where the reaction occurs (yellow, catalytic domain; cyan, editing domain; see Fig4).