Table 1.
Daily intake of total energy, macro and micronutnents, dietary fiber, alcohol, and cholesterol at baseline, 3-weeks, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months (mean (SEM)). Comparisons were made between each time point using repeated measures of covariance. Values with different letters are statistically significantly different from each other (p<0.05).
| Nutrient | Baseline | 3-weeks | 3-months | 6-months | 12-months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcals) | 2150 (165)a | 649 (40)e | 877 (60)d | 1076 (63)c | 1307 (129)b |
| Fat(g) | 94.1 (8.2)a | 22.7 (2.1)b | 36.4 (2.8)c | 45.4 (3.7)d | 56.1 (6.8)e* |
| CHO(g) | 242.5 (25.2)a | 65.2 (4.9)b | 80.1 (6.6)c | 101.7 (9.1)d | 135.9 (15.1)e |
| Protein (g) | 89.3 (5.5)a | 49.4 (3.9)b | 60.3 (6.1)bc | 69.1 (4.1)c | 70.6 (6.3)c |
| Pro/kg Ideal Body Wt (g) | 1.4 (0.1)a | 0.8 (0.1)b | 1.0 (0.1)bc | 1.1 (0.1)c | 1.1 (0.1)c |
| Sat Fat (g) | 30.9 (2.8)a | 8.7 (0.9)b | 11.6 (1.0)c | 14.8 (1.3)d | 18.5 (2.2)e |
| Mono Fat (g) | 36.2 (3.3)a | 7.8 (0.8)b | 13.8 (1.3)c | 17.4 (1.4)d | 21.2 (2.8)d |
| Poly Fat (g) | 18.5 (2.0)a | 4.2 (0.5)b | 7.5 (0.7)c | 9.1 (1.2)cd | 11.1 (2.1)d |
| Omega 3 Fat (g) | 1.8 (0.2)a | 0.5 (0.1)b | 0.9 (0.1)c | 1.0 (0.2)c | 1.2 (0.3)c |
| Trans Fat (g) | 8.3 (1.0)a | 1.1 (0.2)b | 2.0 (0.4)c | 2.9 (0.5)cd | 3.6 (0.7)cd |
| % Energy from Fat | 39.2 (1.9)a | 30.7 (2.0)b | 36.5 (1.9)a | 37.9 (2.2)a | 37.1 (2.0)a |
| % Energy from CHO | 44.7 (2.1)a | 40.2 (1.7)a | 36.3 (1.3)b | 37.1 (2.1)b | 42.0 (2.0)a |
| % Energy from Protein | 17.4 (1.0)a | 31.0 (1.9)b | 28.4 (1.7)b | 26.5 (1.5)b | 22.6 (1.2)c |
| % Energy from Sat Fat | 12.8 (0.5)a | 11.7 (1.1)a | 11.9 (0.9)a | 12.4 (0.9)a | 12.6 (1.0)a |
| % Energy from Mono Fat | 15.0 (0.8)a | 10.6 (0.8)b | 13.8 (0.9)a | 14.8 (0.9)a | 13.8 (0.8)a |
| % Energy from Poly Fat | 7.9 (0.8)a | 5.7 (0.6)b | 7.5 (0.7)a | 7.5 (0.8)a | 7.0 (0.7)ab |
| Alcohol (g) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Sugar (g) | 100.0 (13.7)a | 31.8 (3.8)bc | 28.1 (3.1)b | 43.1 (5.6)c | 51.1 (8.5)c# |
| Cholesterol (g) | 348.3 (31.9)a | 104.3 (15.6)b | 140.9 (16.0)bc | 177.3 (26.7)c | 196.4 (29.1)c@ |
| Diet Fiber (g) | 16.0 (1.9)a | 5.6 (0.6)b | 7.7 (0.6)c | 9.0 (0.7)d^ | 11.8 (1.5)e |
| Sol Fiber (g) | 5.1 (0.7)a | 1.9 (0.2)b | 2.1 (0.2)b | 2.2 (0.2)b | 3.1 (0.3)c |
| Insoluble Fiber (g) | 10.7 (1.3)a | 3.6 (0.4)b | 5.5 (0.5)c | 6.6 (0.5)d | 8.6 (1.2)a |
| Calcium (mg) | 888.9 (100.0)a | 658.1 (65.8)ab | 607.8 (94.5)b | 704.9 (90.4)ab | 782.9 (123.3)ab |
| Iron (mg) | 17.6 (2.3)a | 6.2 (0.7)d | 7.6 (0.7)c | 8.3 (0.7)c | 10.0 (0.9)b |
| Mg (mg) | 256.7 (22.5)a | 125.9 (8.8)d | 142.8 (10.4)d | 177.5 (18.0)c | 202.9 (22.7)b |
| Zinc (mg) | 12.5 (1.5)a | 4.9 (0.4)cd | 5.9 (0.5)c | 7.9 (0.7)b | 8.3 (0.7)b |
| Copper (mg) | 1.2 (0.1)a | 0.5 (0.1)b | 0.8 (0.1)c | 0.8 (0.1)c | 0.9 (0.1)c |
| Sodium (g) | 3.8 (0.3)a | 1.4 (0.1)b | 1.9 (0.2)c | 2.3 (0.1)d | 2.6 (0.3)d |
| Potassium (g) | 2.5 (0.2)a | 1.1 (0.1)b | 1.3 (0.1)c | 1.6 (0.1)d | 1.9 (0.2)e |
| Vit A (RE) | 9112 (1476)a | 2168 (377)c | 3025 (490)b | 3714 (740)bcd | 4340 (373)d |
| Vit E (mg) | 13.1 (2.2)a | 6.8 (1.8)b | 6.3 (1.1)b | 6.8 (1.1)b | 9.7 (2.6)ab |
| Vit D (mcg) | 4.3 (0.6)a | 2.9 (0.4)b | 3.0 (0.5)ab | 3.3 (0.5)ab | 5.0 (1.4)ab |
| Vit K (mcg) | 184.4 (30.2)a | 33.2 (11.0)b | 68.6 (15.9)c | 65.6 (16.9)bc | 72.3 (8.1)c |
| Vit C (mg) | 69.4 (7.0)a | 36.5 (6.2)b | 39.1 (8.1)bc | 39.0 (5.7)bc | 50.2 (7.5)ac |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 (0.2)a | 0.6 (0.1)b | 0.7 (0.4)c | 0.8 (0.1)c | 1.3 (0.2)d |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.1 (0.2)a | 1.0 (0.1)bc | 0.9 (0.1)c | 1.2 (0.1)b | 1.7 (0.2)a |
| Niacin (NE) | 24.6 (1.7)a | 8.2 (0.8)b | 10.0 (0.9)c | 15.0 (0.9)d | 18.1 (2.0)d |
| B-6 (mg) | 2.0 (0.2)a | 0.8 (0.1)b | 0.8 (0.1)b | 1.8 (0.8)ab | 1.5 (0.2)a |
| Vit B12 (mcg) | 5.9 (0.8)a | 2.8 (0.3)b | 2.8 (0.4)b | 4.0 (1.1)ab | 4.8 (0.7)a |
| Folate (mcg) | 458.5 (77.2)a | 135.9 (14.1)d | 181.5 (16.7)c | 221.4 (24.6)bc | 339.0 (46.8)a |
*
p=0.052 for comparison between 6-mos and 12-mos;
#
p=0.055 for comparison between 3-wks and 12-mos;
@
p=0.073 for comparison between 3-mos and 12-mos;
^
p=0.053 for comparison between 3-mos and 6-mos
Sat: Saturated; Mono: Monounsaturated; Poly: Polyunsaturated; RE: Retinol Equivalents; NE: Niacin Equivalents