Table 1. Defence mechanisms associated with ISR by AMF.

Proposed mode of action of systemic resistance	Resistance-inducing AMF strain	Host plant	Disease or pest	Refs
Priming of JA- and SA-inducible defence genes	R. irregularis a G. versiforme F. mosseae b	Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Grapevine, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Maize	Xiphinema index Meloidogyne incognita Rhizoctonia solani	[76] [77] [50]
SA-independent resistance	F. mosseae b	Barley	Gaeumannomyces graminis	[78]
Priming of SA-inducible PR genes	Glomus sp. MUCL 41833	Potato	Phytophthora infestans	[66]
AMF-specific modulation of herbivore-induced leaf chemicals	Gigaspora margarita Acaulospora longula	Lotus japonicus	Tetranychus urticae	[79]
Priming of cell wall defence	F. mosseae Glomus and Gigaspora sp.	Tomato Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)	Phytophthora parasitica R. solani	[80-82] [83]
Priming of defence-related protein production	F. mosseae	Tomato	P. parasitica	[80-82]
Priming of defence-related enzymatic activity	Glomus and Gigaspora sp.	Common bean	R. solani	[83]
Enhanced production of phenolic compounds	Glomus and Gigaspora sp. Glomus versiforme	Common bean Tomato	R. solani Ralstonia solanacearum	[83] [84]
Enhanced expression of stress-related genes	R. irregularis	Medicago truncatula	Xanthomonas campestris	[85]
Enhanced production of benzoxazinoids	F. mosseae b	Maize	R. solani	[50]

^asyn. G. intraradices.

^bsyn. G. mosseae.