Table 2.
Food group and macronutrient consumption: between treatment group comparison a
| Outcome | Time point | Lifestyle advice (n = 945) b | Standard care (n = 928) b | Adjusted treatment × time interaction P -value c | Adjusted treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 95% CI | |||||
| Total energy, kJd | Trial entry | 8678.89 (2690.39) | 8501.40 (2565.19) | 0.99 | 0.09 | 178.60 (−26.56 to 383.77) |
| 28 weeks | 8772.33 (2545.60) | 8675.26 (2792.00) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 8667.72 (2585.28) | 8568.86 (2751.49) | ||||
| 4 months | 8763.08 (2694.71) | 8628.89 (2686.06) | ||||
| Breads and cereals, servings/dayd | Trial entry | 2.63 (1.45) | 2.61 (1.43) | 0.82 | 0.27 | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) |
| 28 weeks | 2.65 (1.34) | 2.59 (1.42) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 2.66 (1.33) | 2.59 (1.42) | ||||
| 4 months | 2.58 (1.39) | 2.51 (1.37) | ||||
| Dairy, servings/day | Trial entry | 2.05 (1.34) | 2.21 (1.52) | 0.002 | 0.02 | −0.17 (−0.30 to −0.03) |
| 28 weeks | 2.30 (1.24) | 2.24 (1.39) | 0.09 | 0.12 (−0.02 to 0.25) | ||
| 36 weeks | 2.42 (1.42) | 2.33 (1.40) | 0.24 | 0.09 (−0.06 to 0.24) | ||
| 4 months | 2.28 (1.36) | 2.24 (1.42) | 0.56 | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | ||
| Fruit, servings/dayd | Trial entry | 2.67 (2.07) | 2.48 (1.63) | 0.44 | 0.002 | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.35) |
| 28 weeks | 2.70 (1.62) | 2.43 (1.74) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 2.56 (1.47) | 2.34 (1.67) | ||||
| 4 months | 2.24 (1.64) | 2.11 (1.56) | ||||
| Meat and legumes, servings/dayd | Trial entry | 2.14 (1.03) | 2.10 (0.94) | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.14) |
| 28 weeks | 2.17 (1.08) | 2.10 (0.97) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 2.14 (0.91) | 2.08 (1.05) | ||||
| 4 months | 2.30 (0.95) | 2.29 (1.08) | ||||
| Vegetables, servings/day | Trial entry | 4.96 (2.64) | 4.82 (2.57) | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.13 (−0.12 to 0.38) |
| 28 weeks | 5.16 (2.68) | 4.71 (2.37) | 0.0002 | 0.47 (0.22 to 0.72) | ||
| 36 weeks | 4.87 (2.54) | 4.51 (2.65) | 0.003 | 0.40 (0.13 to 0.67) | ||
| 4 months | 5.63 (3.12) | 5.24 (2.62) | 0.003 | 0.50 (0.17 to 0.82) | ||
| Non-core group foods, servings/day | Trial entry | 7.51 (3.81) | 7.27 (3.61) | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.29 (−0.06 to 0.65) |
| 28 weeks | 6.84 (3.24) | 7.14 (3.41) | 0.17 | −0.24 (−0.58 to 0.10) | ||
| 36 weeks | 6.86 (3.54) | 6.96 (3.24) | 0.72 | −0.06 (−0.41 to 0.28) | ||
| 4 months | 8.15 (3.69) | 7.95 (3.76) | 0.41 | 0.17 (−0.24 to 0.59) | ||
| Alcohol, gd | Trial entry | 2.25 (5.21) | 2.48 (6.47) | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.07 (−0.03 to 0.17) |
| 28 weeks | 0.34 (1.35) | 0.25 (0.86) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 0.31 (1.42) | 0.27 (1.06) | ||||
| 4 months | 2.27 (4.04) | 2.18 (4.92) | ||||
| Dietary fibre, gd | Trial entry | 32.39 (12.91) | 31.64 (12.43) | 0.16 | 0.002 | 1.55 (0.55 to 2.56) |
| 28 weeks | 33.75 (12.39) | 31.88 (12.42) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 32.78 (11.80) | 30.93 (12.89) | ||||
| 4 months | 34.09 (13.61) | 32.50 (12.68) | ||||
| Carbohydrates, gd | Trial entry | 255.27 (90.54) | 246.38 (83.50) | 0.69 | 0.06 | 6.55 (−0.19 to 13.29) |
| 28 weeks | 258.11 (82.97) | 255.89 (93.44) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 253.61 (85.76) | 251.43 (90.66) | ||||
| 4 months | 247.86 (89.54) | 243.25 (88.71) | ||||
| Percentage energy from carbohydratesd | Trial entry | 46.85 (5.97) | 46.22 (5.59) | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.19 (−0.24 to 0.62) |
| 28 weeks | 46.96 (5.33) | 46.89 (5.30) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 46.61 (5.44) | 46.68 (5.81) | ||||
| 4 months | 44.89 (5.91) | 44.76 (6.18) | ||||
| Protein, gd | Trial entry | 97.59 (30.65) | 97.80 (30.58) | 0.07 | 0.14 | 1.82 (−0.57 to 4.22) |
| 28 weeks | 100.07 (32.16) | 97.56 (30.59) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 100.13 (30.22) | 97.10 (32.18) | ||||
| 4 months | 102.67 (31.15) | 101.24 (30.08) | ||||
| Percentage energy from protein | Trial entry | 22.72 (3.83) | 23.22 (3.88) | 0.0001 | 0.008 | −0.49 (−0.86 to −0.13) |
| 28 weeks | 22.98 (3.74) | 22.82 (3.66) | 0.11 | 0.31 (−0.07 to 0.68) | ||
| 36 weeks | 23.35 (3.85) | 22.98 (4.04) | 0.11 | 0.33 − 0.08 to 0.75) | ||
| 4 months | 23.80 (4.25) | 23.87 (4.26) | 0.80 | −0.06 (−0.55 to 0.42) | ||
| Total Fat, gd | Trial entry | 65.28 (23.60) | 64.33 (22.27) | 0.83 | 0.48 | 0.64 (−1.14 to 2.41) |
| 28 weeks | 66.54 (22.50) | 66.70 (23.62) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 65.98 (22.14) | 66.24 (23.70) | ||||
| 4 months | 68.16 (23.68) | 67.72 (23.99) | ||||
| Percentage energy from total fatd | Trial entry | 27.77 (4.51) | 27.97 (4.20) | 0.42 | 0.06 | −0.31 (−0.64 to 0.02) |
| 28 weeks | 28.02 (4.19) | 28.45 (4.19) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 28.13 (4.23) | 28.59 (4.36) | ||||
| 4 months | 28.76 (4.31) | 29.00 (4.39) | ||||
| Saturated fat, gd | Trial entry | 26.47 (10.98) | 26.08 (10.01) | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.15 (−0.64 to 0.94) |
| 28 weeks | 26.98 (9.87) | 27.37 (10.30) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 27.10 (10.20) | 27.48 (10.62) | ||||
| 4 months | 27.49 (10.51) | 27.25 (10.29) | ||||
| Percentage energy from saturated fatd | Trial entry | 11.23 (2.50) | 11.34 (2.38) | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.20 (−0.38 to −0.01) |
| 28 weeks | 11.37 (2.33) | 11.70 (2.41) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 11.52 (2.41) | 11.85 (2.47) | ||||
| 4 months | 11.59 (2.43) | 11.68 (2.47) | ||||
| Monounsaturated fat, gd | Trial entry | 22.60 (8.56) | 22.28 (8.13) | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.16 (−0.48 to 0.81) |
| 28 weeks | 22.99 (8.27) | 23.12 (8.70) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 22.72 (7.96) | 22.81 (8.72) | ||||
| 4 months | 23.69 (8.72) | 23.65 (9.12) | ||||
| Polyunsaturated fat, gd | Trial entry | 9.09 (3.50) | 8.95 (3.59) | 0.90 | 0.23 | 0.17 (−0.11 to 0.45) |
| 28 weeks | 9.31 (3.67) | 9.13 (3.81) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 9.06 (3.33) | 8.89 (3.71) | ||||
| 4 months | 9.48 (3.71) | 9.43 (4.16) | ||||
aValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P -value) by time point estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment, time and treatment × time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.
bIncludes women who had a live birth, and who answered one or more questionnaires; excludes questionnaires with >25% missing responses, or where there was an unrealistic energy intake reported (<4,500 or >20,000 kJ).
cWhere the treatment × time interaction was not statistically significant, it was dropped from the model.
dValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) across all time points estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment and time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.