Table 3.
Dietary micronutrient consumption: between treatment group comparison a
| Outcome | Time point | Lifestyle advice (n = 945) b | Standard care (n = 928) b | Adjusted treatment × time interaction P -value c | Adjusted treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 95% CI | |||||
| Caffeine, mgd | Trial entry | 142.59 (156.88) | 136.59 (156.36) | 0.57 | 0.57 | 3.68 (−8.90 to 16.26) |
| 28 weeks | 134.63 (147.21) | 132.76 (147.04) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 129.61 (141.89) | 128.55 (140.66) | ||||
| 4 months | 202.78 (191.12) | 191.83 (185.43) | ||||
| Sodium, mgd | Trial entry | 2713.21 (1080.73) | 2644.16 (1102.75) | 0.86 | 0.10 | 70.55 (−13.71 to 154.81) |
| 28 weeks | 2684.04 (1038.11) | 2651.08 (1048.43) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 2704.91 (1059.82) | 2620.33 (1045.35) | ||||
| 4 months | 2822.92 (1164.27) | 2759.30 (1092.84) | ||||
| Calcium, mg | Trial entry | 930.81 (388.80) | 963.43 (429.48) | 0.007 | 0.11 | −32.10 (−71.25 to 7.04) |
| 28 weeks | 1009.34 (366.54) | 984.56 (400.48) | 0.04 | 40.73 (1.57 to 79.88) | ||
| 36 weeks | 1031.14 (421.66) | 1003.76 (404.85) | 0.15 | 31.99 (−11.04 to 75.02) | ||
| 4 months | 1007.13 (415.11) | 990.64 (416.75) | 0.37 | 21.26 (−25.14 to 67.67) | ||
| Iron, mgd | Trial entry | 13.79 (4.79) | 13.57 (4.61) | 0.83 | 0.08 | 0.33 (−0.04 to 0.70) |
| 28 weeks | 14.21 (4.56) | 13.94 (4.92) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 14.03 (4.48) | 13.69 (5.04) | ||||
| 4 months | 14.51 (4.79) | 14.08 (4.77) | ||||
| Zinc, mgd | Trial entry | 11.71 (3.69) | 11.71 (3.56) | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.23 (−0.06 to 0.52) |
| 28 weeks | 12.14 (3.70) | 11.82 (3.70) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 12.12 (3.68) | 11.75 (3.90) | ||||
| 4 months | 12.36 (3.74) | 12.12 (3.62) | ||||
| Magnesium, mgd | Trial entry | 344.03 (116.89) | 342.67 (116.44) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 9.07 (−0.20 to 18.33) |
| 28 weeks | 356.11 (110.62) | 344.98 (119.15) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 353.11 (112.18) | 340.31 (117.27) | ||||
| 4 months | 364.02 (119.85) | 354.13 (118.78) | ||||
| Phosphorus, mgd | Trial entry | 1586.85 (497.80) | 1595.95 (515.48) | 0.08 | 0.16 | 28.14 (−11.27 to 67.56) |
| 28 weeks | 1657.50 (493.47) | 1618.65 (509.91) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 1671.51 (516.33) | 1626.25 (518.62) | ||||
| 4 months | 1689.35 (528.98) | 1655.95 (514.58) | ||||
| Potassium, mg | Trial entry | 3591.78 (1220.73) | 3570.31 (1169.87) | 0.05 | 0.69 | 23.15 (−90.33 to 136.63) |
| 28 weeks | 3723.05 (1129.40) | 3586.57 (1223.47) | 0.004 | 173.10 (54.97 to 291.23) | ||
| 36 weeks | 3674.33 (1131.83) | 3541.08 (1185.20) | 0.01 | 158.03 (38.14 to 277.92) | ||
| 4 months | 3781.35 (1271.44) | 3657.89 (1165.91) | 0.06 | 127.88 (−4.96 to 260.72) | ||
| Iodine, μgd | Trial entry | 204.05 (108.94) | 205.81 (105.00) | 0.37 | 0.38 | 3.54 (−4.36 to 11.44) |
| 28 weeks | 210.93 (97.92) | 206.26 (96.36) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 215.94 (101.27) | 209.86 (99.91) | ||||
| 4 months | 214.81 (109.29) | 212.34 (102.24) | ||||
| Vitamin A Active Equivalent, μgd | Trial entry | 1475.35 (974.00) | 1404.15 (752.52) | 0.16 | 0.003 | 110.40 (36.48 to 184.32) |
| 28 weeks | 1605.54 (1323.79) | 1424.89 (890.08) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 1462.83 (821.57) | 1363.63 (877.70) | ||||
| 4 months | 1658.00 (1077.44) | 1539.68 (852.02) | ||||
| Retinol, μgd | Trial entry | 366.23 (558.09) | 336.37 (311.97) | 0.34 | 0.33 | 18.56 (−18.64 to 55.75) |
| 28 weeks | 422.55 (1087.70) | 372.54 (607.22) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 349.30 (400.65) | 369.78 (508.35) | ||||
| 4 months | 376.11 (626.42) | 371.01 (464.27) | ||||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine), mgd | Trial entry | 1.55 (0.57) | 1.52 (0.56) | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.04 (−0.00 to 0.08) |
| 28 weeks | 1.61 (0.55) | 1.57 (0.61) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 1.62 (0.55) | 1.56 (0.62) | ||||
| 4 months | 1.58 (0.57) | 1.54 (0.56) | ||||
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), mg | Trial entry | 2.14 (0.84) | 2.19 (0.87) | 0.02 | 0.22 | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.03) |
| 28 weeks | 2.33 (0.79) | 2.28 (0.89) | 0.05 | 0.08 (−0.00 to 0.17) | ||
| 36 weeks | 2.37 (0.86) | 2.33 (0.87) | 0.23 | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) | ||
| 4 months | 2.34 (0.87) | 2.29 (0.85) | 0.24 | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.15) | ||
| Niacin, mgd | Trial entry | 22.60 (7.43) | 22.49 (7.24) | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.49 (−0.08 to 1.07) |
| 28 weeks | 23.02 (7.61) | 22.57 (7.47) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 23.04 (7.05) | 22.35 (7.75) | ||||
| 4 months | 23.89 (7.47) | 23.25 (7.08) | ||||
| Vitamin C, mgd | Trial entry | 165.11 (117.86) | 152.24 (90.04) | 0.50 | 0.02 | 8.87 (1.40 to 16.34) |
| 28 weeks | 158.26 (91.27) | 147.34 (100.64) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 149.35 (87.94) | 142.60 (99.13) | ||||
| 4 months | 139.11 (89.17) | 133.80 (77.94) | ||||
| Vitamin E, mgd | Trial entry | 7.37 (2.90) | 7.35 (2.91) | 0.71 | 0.17 | 0.16 (−0.07 to 0.38) |
| 28 weeks | 7.58 (2.77) | 7.39 (2.97) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 7.40 (2.71) | 7.23 (2.85) | ||||
| 4 months | 7.94 (3.10) | 7.74 (3.14) | ||||
| Folate, μgd | Trial entry | 529.62 (206.87) | 520.74 (210.02) | 0.49 | 0.03 | 17.49 (1.26 to 33.71) |
| 28 weeks | 545.59 (203.52) | 528.35 (212.15) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 540.67 (196.49) | 522.05 (213.62) | ||||
| 4 months | 544.99 (206.99) | 528.74 (201.97) | ||||
| Folate food, μgd | Trial entry | 401.20 (161.35) | 395.15 (160.90) | 0.24 | 0.02 | 15.13 (2.14 to 28.12) |
| 28 weeks | 410.82 (161.38) | 394.97 (161.04) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 402.80 (150.79) | 388.02 (161.70) | ||||
| 4 months | 420.96 (164.11) | 406.71 (156.54) | ||||
aValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) by time point estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment, time and treatment × time, adjusted for centre, parity and body mass index.
bIncludes women who had a live birth, and who answered one or more questionnaires; excludes questionnaires with >25% missing responses, or where there was an unrealistic energy intake reported (<4,500 or >20,000 kJ).
cWhere the treatment × time interaction was not statistically significant, it was dropped from the model.
dValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) across all time points estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment and time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.