Table 4.
Healthy eating index: between treatment group comparison a
| Outcome | Time point | Lifestyle advice (n = 945) b | Standard care (n = 928) b | Adjusted treatment × time interaction P -value c | Adjusted treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 95% CI | |||||
| HEI, range 0 to 100 | Trial entry | 72.11 (7.71) | 72.80 (7.07) | <0.0001 | 0.06 | −0.67 (−1.37 to 0.03) |
| 28 weeks | 73.35 (6.62) | 71.86 (7.01) | <0.0001 | 1.58 (0.89 to 2.27) | ||
| 36 weeks | 72.95 (6.82) | 71.17 (7.69) | <0.0001 | 1.77 (1.01 to 2.53) | ||
| 4 months | 72.83 (7.56) | 72.15 (7.47) | 0.41 | 0.35 (−0.48 to 1.18) | ||
| Total fruit, range 0 to 5 | Trial entry | 4.50 (1.02) | 4.48 (1.03) | 0.003 | 0.567 | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) |
| 28 weeks | 4.63 (0.89) | 4.42 (1.11) | 0.0001 | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.30) | ||
| 36 weeks | 4.58 (0.97) | 4.34 (1.18) | <0.0001 | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.35) | ||
| 4 months | 4.27 (1.23) | 4.11 (1.33) | 0.07 | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.28) | ||
| Whole fruit, range 0 to 5 | Trial entry | 4.56 (1.09) | 4.57 (1.05) | 0.0002 | 0.77 | −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.09) |
| 28 weeks | 4.68 (0.94) | 4.50 (1.15) | 0.0003 | 0.19 (0.09 to 0.30) | ||
| 36 weeks | 4.64 (1.03) | 4.42 (1.24) | <0.0001 | 0.24 (0.12 to 0.35) | ||
| 4 months | 4.43 (1.18) | 4.35 (1.24) | 0.30 | 0.07 (−0.06 to 0.21) | ||
| Total vegetables, range 0 to 5d | Trial entry | 4.86 (0.58) | 4.88 (0.50) | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) |
| 28 weeks | 4.91 (0.44) | 4.88 (0.48) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 4.88 (0.49) | 4.81 (0.62) | ||||
| 4 months | 4.94 (0.31) | 4.89 (0.45) | ||||
| Dark-green and orange Vegetables and legumes, range 0 to 5d | Trial entry | 4.76 (0.76) | 4.72 (0.84) | 0.12 | 0.0006 | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.16) |
| 28 weeks | 4.82 (0.64) | 4.73 (0.78) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 4.76 (0.77) | 4.64 (0.93) | ||||
| 4 months | 4.89 (0.46) | 4.78 (0.75) | ||||
| Total grains, range 0 to 5d | Trial entry | 3.88 (0.93) | 3.89 (0.91) | 0.24 | 0.55 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) |
| 28 weeks | 3.88 (0.91) | 3.95 (0.88) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 3.93 (0.91) | 3.92 (0.93) | ||||
| 4 months | 3.80 (1.00) | 3.78 (1.04) | ||||
| Whole grains, range 0 to 5d | Trial entry | 0.71 (0.88) | 0.71 (0.83) | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.11) |
| 28 weeks | 0.74 (0.86) | 0.67 (0.83) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 0.82 (0.90) | 0.71 (0.91) | ||||
| 4 months | 0.81 (0.87) | 0.78 (0.88) | ||||
| Milk, range 0 to 10 | Trial entry | 6.54 (2.80) | 6.98 (2.82) | <0.0001 | 0.002 | −0.42 (−0.69 to −0.16) |
| 28 weeks | 7.37 (2.61) | 7.15 (2.70) | 0.04 | 0.29 (0.01 to 0.56) | ||
| 36 weeks | 7.48 (2.49) | 7.34 (2.69) | 0.45 | 0.10 (−0.17 to 0.38) | ||
| 4 months | 7.23 (2.70) | 7.01 (2.69) | 0.28 | 0.17 (−0.14 to 0.48) | ||
| Meat and beans, range 0 to 10d | Trial entry | 9.59 (1.20) | 9.61 (1.07) | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10) |
| 28 weeks | 9.59 (1.16) | 9.55 (1.16) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 9.60 (1.13) | 9.46 (1.26) | ||||
| 4 months | 9.74 (0.96) | 9.74 (0.99) | ||||
| Oils, range 0 to 10d | Trial entry | 5.48 (3.19) | 5.45 (3.25) | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.18 (−0.07 to 0.42) |
| 28 weeks | 5.50 (3.17) | 5.27 (3.18) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 5.42 (3.27) | 4.99 (3.25) | ||||
| 4 months | 5.69 (3.18) | 5.46 (3.26) | ||||
| Saturated fat, range 0 to 10d | Trial entry | 5.48 (3.00) | 5.36 (2.96) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.21 (−0.02 to 0.44) |
| 28 weeks | 5.31 (2.88) | 4.91 (2.90) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 5.04 (3.04) | 4.70 (3.02) | ||||
| 4 months | 5.01 (3.02) | 4.97 (3.00) | ||||
| Sodium, range 0 to 10d | Trial entry | 6.10 (2.43) | 6.22 (2.43) | 0.77 | 0.34 | −0.09 (−0.27 to 0.10) |
| 28 weeks | 6.28 (2.42) | 6.27 (2.32) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 6.10 (2.44) | 6.28 (2.38) | ||||
| 4 months | 5.80 (2.63) | 5.91 (2.46) | ||||
| Calories from solid fats, alcohol and added sugar (SoFAAS), range 0 to 20d | Trial entry | 15.64 (3.79) | 15.94 (3.60) | 0.150 | 0.56 | −0.08 (−0.33 to 0.18) |
| 28 weeks | 15.63 (3.24) | 15.55 (3.45) | ||||
| 36 weeks | 15.69 (3.20) | 15.57 (3.51) | ||||
| 4 months | 16.21 (3.33) | 16.37 (3.22) | ||||
aValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) by time point estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment, time and treatment × time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.
bIncludes women who had a live birth, and who answered one or more questionnaires; excludes questionnaires with >25% missing responses, or where there was an unrealistic energy intake reported (<4,500 or >20,000 kJ).
cWhere the treatment × time interaction was not statistically significant, it was dropped from the model.
dValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) across all time points estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment and time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.