Table 5. Percentage Difference Between Payments With Medicaid Enrollment and Payments Without Medicaid Enrollment¹.

Medicare Payment	No Controls	Controlling for
		Demographics, Health Status, and Health Conditions 2	Plus Disability Status 3
Total	+282	+96	+45
Fraction of Sample With Any Payments	+4	+2	+1
Average Level of Payments for Those Using Services	+214	+79	+38
Acute Care-Related	+244	+89	+42
Fraction of Sample With Any Payments	+4	+2	+1
Average Level of Payments for Those Using Services	+286	+73	+35
Subacute Care-Related	+217	+44	+19
Fraction of Sample With Any Payments	+153	+41	+19
Average Level of Payments for Those Using Services	+353	+62	+26

¹These estimates are obtained using the results from a series of Tobit regression models of Medicaid enrollment on the natural logarithm of Medicare payments. We computed the predicted outcomes for each individual in the sample, first assuming that the individual was a Medicaid enrollee and then assuming that the individual was a non-enrollee (regardless of actual enrollment state). The coefficient on Medicaid enrollment was statistically significant at at least the 0.01 level in each of the models.

²The demographic attributes and health conditions include age, race, sex, marital status, income, self-reported health status, and a series of dummy variables indicating the presence of specific health conditions.

³The health-status and functional-limitation variables include activities of daily living, instrumental activilies of daily living, residence in an institution, and a dummy variable indicating whether the individual died during the year.

SOURCE: Data from the 1993 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey; analysis by the Urban Institute.