Table 2.
Epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer
| Genes | Function | Prognosis | Detected in serum | Ref. |
| DNA methylation | ||||
| BRCA1 | DNA repair | Association with age | - | [215] |
| hMLH1 | DNA repair | Association with poor survival | Yes | [75,216] |
| MGMT | DNA repair | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
| RASSF1A | DNA repair/Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,76,77] |
| CDH1 | Cell invasion/Metastasis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [105,106,138,139,216,217] |
| RASSF2 | DNA repair/Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
| P16 | Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | Yes | [75,137-139,218] |
| IGFBP3 | Cell cycle | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [219] |
| CHFR | Cell cycle | Association with invasion depth, differentiation and lymph node metastasis | - | [218,220] |
| P15 | Cell cycle | - | Yes | [139,221] |
| ADAM23 | Cell invasion/metastasis | - | - | [222,223] |
| APC | Cell invasion, Metastasis, | Association with poor survival | Yes | [216] |
| Signal transduction | ||||
| LOX | Cell invasion and metastasis | Association with Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals | - | [22] |
| TIMP3 | Cell invasion and metastasis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,216] |
| HAND1 | Cell differentiation | Association with poor survival | - | [22,75] |
| MLF1 | Cell differentiation | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [75,223] |
| PRDM5 | Cell differentiation | - | - | [223,224] |
| RORA | Cell differentiation | - | - | [223] |
| NDRG2 | Cell differentiation | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [225] |
| BNIP3 | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | - | [226,227] |
| DAPK | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,139,218,227,228] |
| TMS | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | - | [228] |
| FHIT | Apoptosis | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [105] |
| GSTP1 | Apoptosis | Association with EBV-related gastric cancer | Yes | [139,229] |
| FLNc | Cell morphology | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
| RUNX3 | Transcriptional factor, Signal transduction | Association with poor survival | Yes | [120,122,123,218,220] |
| ZNF545 | Transcriptional factor | Association with poor survival | - | [230] |
| RARβ | Signal transduction | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,138] |
| HRASLS | Signal transduction | - | - | [75] |
| SFRP2 | Signal transduction | - | - | [108,231] |
| SFRP1 | Signal transduction | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [231] |
| MicroRNAs | ||||
| let-7g | Tumor suppressor | Association with invasion depth, lymph node metastasis | - | [232] |
| miR-433 | Tumor suppressor | Association with invasion depth, lymph node metastasis | GRB2 | [147,232] |
| miR-1 | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
| miR-20a | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
| miR-27a | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
| miR-34 | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | Bcl-2, Notch, and HMGA2 | [233,234] |
| miR-423-5p | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
| miR-125a-5p | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor size, invasion, | ERBB2 | [87] |
| liver metastasis, and poor survival | ||||
| miR-146a | Tumor suppressor | Association with lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, and poor survival | EGFR, IRAK1 | [87] |
| miR-9 | Tumor suppressor | - | RAB34, CDX2, and NF-κB1 | [147,234,235] |
| miR-375 | Tumor suppressor | - | PDK1, 14-3-3zeta | [236] |
| miR-433 | Tumor suppressor | - | GRB2 | [147] |
| miR-214 | Oncogenesis | Association with invasion depth and lymph node metastasis | - | [232] |
| miR-130b | Oncogenesis | - | RUNX3 | [121] |