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. 2004 Jun 1;113(11):1535–1549. doi: 10.1172/JCI19906

Figure 10.

Figure 10

The integrated pathways of protection. Schematic showing the principal mechanisms: pathways dependent on change in mitochondrial volume (“swellers” such as Dz, pinacidil, leptin, DADLE, Hoe, and cyclosporin A; left, outlined in red) and pathways independent of change in mitochondrial volume (“nonswellers” such as PMA, insulin, IGF-1, CCPA, GLP-1, Li+, SB 216763, and SB 415286; right, outlined in blue). The convergence of these pathways via inhibition of GSK-3β on the end effector, the permeability transition pore (PTP) complex, to limit MPT induction, is the general mechanism of protection. VOL, volume; β-Ox, β-oxidation; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; PLC/D phospholipase C and phospholipase D.