Figure 6.

Distinct mechanisms of mitochondrial swelling_dependent and _independent protection. (A) The effect of Cl^_ channel inhibition on sweller-induced εPKC translocation. Translocation by the nonsweller PMA is insensitive to IAA94. (B) Mitochondrial swelling_independent protection does not require the mitoK_ATP, ROS, or PKC. (C and D) Reversal of insulin-induced and A₁ agonist_induced (CCPA-induced) protection by inhibitors of PI3K (wortmannin [wort] and LY 294002) and mTOR (rapamycin [rap]). CCPA protection is also mediated in parallel by swelling-independent PKC and mitoK_ATP pathways. (E) GLP-1_induced protection is mediated by PKA and blocked by the PKA inhibitor Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS (Rp). *P < 0.01 (and all bars under brace) vs. control.