Table 2. Targets for Control of Government Pharmaceutical Expenditure Used in Australia.

	Demand	Supply
Price	Patient co-payments. Encourage prescription of “generic” (non-brand name) drugs. Encourage prescription of alternative medication in same therapeutic class.	Negotiate prices based on lowest in other countries.
Volume	Patient education programs.	Incentives on medical profession as a whole to limit prescribing. Practice guidelines. Limit inclusion on the approval list through use of cost effectiveness analysis. Provide education program to pharmacists, doctors.

SOURCE: Stephen J. Duckett, M.H.A., Ph.D., La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia, 2004.