Table 4. OLS Estimates of Impact of Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Closure on Outcomes and Impact of Moving From an HMO to Fee-for-Service (FFS): 1999.
| Characteristic | OLS Estimates of Forced Withdrawal Effect | OLS Estimates of Voluntary Return to FFS Effect | 1999 Mean Continuous HMO Populatio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physician Visits | |||
| Beneficiary Probability of Any Visit | -0.042 (-4.22) |
-0.068 (-6.28) |
0.877 |
| Beneficiary Average Visits | -0.616 (-3.51) |
-0.342 (-1.78) |
6.507 |
| Inpatient Stays | |||
| Beneficiary Probability of Any Stay | 0.018 (1.68) |
0.019 (1.64) |
0.155 |
| Beneficiary Average Stays | 0.048 (2.31) |
0.017 (0.76) |
0.246 |
| Emergency Room Visits | |||
| Beneficiary Probability of Any Visit | 0.073 (7.35) |
0.053 (4.89) |
0.125 |
| Beneficiary Average Visits | 0.405 (20.92) |
0.265 (12.72) |
0.205 |
| Any Outpatient | 0.040 (2.73) |
0.098 (6.24) |
0.498 |
| Average Lab Tests | 0.786 (2.29) |
0.788 (2.11) |
10.546 |
| Average Out-of-Pocket Expenses - Percent Change | |||
| All Services | 168 (44.73) |
156 (38.40) |
$90.28 |
| Physician Visits | 134 (37.93) |
127 (33.45) |
$63.11 |
| Inpatient Stays | 94 (22.16) |
84 (18.22) |
$15.47 |
| Outpatient | 224 (46.49) |
215 (41.05) |
$11.70 |
| Average Allowed Charge - Percent Change | |||
| All Services | 1 (0.12) |
3 (0.54) |
$3681.41 |
| Physician Visits | 0 (0.00) |
-9 (-1.70) |
$1521.37 |
| Inpatient Stays | -1 (-0.06) |
-13 (-1.17) |
$1629.16 |
| Outpatient | -1 (-0.07) |
42 (4.22) |
$530.89 |
| Mortality - Odds Ratio | 1.410 | 0.602 | 0.018 |
| 95 Percent Odds Ratio Confidence Interval | 1.013 to 1.962 | 0.358 to 1.011 | — |
NOTES: OLS is ordinary least squares. In parentheses are the t-statistics for the OLS estimates.
SOURCE: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Data from the 1999 Medicare Health Maintenance Organization Closure Study.