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Variation of adhesive force as the optimally shaped rigid fiber approaches and withdraws from an elastic substrate. (a) Schematic illustration of the problem. (b–e) Different behaviors of fibers with radius equal to 
(b), 
(c), 
(d), and 
(e). δ is the separation between the substrate and the center of the tip surface of the fiber, and ε is the equilibrium distance at zero interaction.
