TABLE 3.
Effects of cruciferous and apiaceous vegetable diets on serum inflammatory biomarker concentrations in 63 healthy adults at the final day (day 14) stratified by GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype1
| Diet |
|||||
| GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype | n | Basal | 1xC | 2xC | 1xC+A |
| CRP, mg/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 24 | 0.48 (0.33, 0.71) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.90) | 0.48 (0.32, 0.71) | 0.50 (0.34, 0.73) |
| Change, % | 22.6 (−9.9, 113.6) | 0 (−35.6, 54.3) | 4.0 (−28.2, 70.9) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 28 | 0.45 (0.31, 0.63) | 0.46 (0.32, 0.65) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.55) | 0.28 (0.20, 0.40)* |
| Change, % | 1.3 (−30.6, 54.3) | −15.4 (−41.9, 27.7) | −37.8 (−58.0, −7.4) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 11 | 0.27 (0.15, 0.49) | 0.58 (0.33, 1.03)* | 0.35 (0.19, 0.64) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.55) |
| Change, % | 53.4 (5.6, 178.8) | 22.8 (−34.4, 74.9) | 12.9 (−38.2, 57.6) | ||
| IL-6, ng/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 24 | 1.25 (1.00, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.43) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) |
| Change, % | −8.7 (−32.6, 23.1) | −17.9 (−37.7, 13.6) | −12.6 (−35.2, 20.3) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 28 | 1.16 (0.95, 1.41) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.71, 0.95)* | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95)* |
| Change, % | −30.3 (−41.7, 2.0) | −33.2 (−43.0, −1.4) | −48.6 (−49.6, −12.0) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 11 | 0.79 (0.56, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.40)* | 0.89 (0.64, 1.25) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) |
| Change, % | 21.8 (1.0, 73.0) | 11.2 (−12.0, 51.2) | 21.8 (−0.1, 72.6) | ||
| IL-8, ng/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 22 | 2.82 (2.38, 3.35) | 3.24 (2.72, 3.87) | 3.72 (3.12, 4.45)* | 3.32 (2.79, 3.96) |
| Change, % | 13.0 (−8.9, 30.9) | 24.2 (7.8, 54.9) | 15.0 (−7.1, 33.2) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 24 | 2.98 (2.51, 3.54) | 3.29 (2.77, 3.90) | 3.02 (2.56, 3.58) | 3.56 (3.01, 4.25)* |
| Change, % | 9.4 (−0.1, 47.8) | 1.3 (−9.9, 33.7) | 16.3 (6.7, 57.7) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 8 | 3.15 (2.27, 4.35) | 2.94 (2.18, 4.01) | 3.15 (2.36, 4.20) | 3.32 (2.45, 4.52) |
| Change, % | −7.1 (−31.5, 24.1) | 0 (−25.7, 33.9) | 5.2 (−29.2, 25.7) | ||
| TNF-α, ng/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 22 | 3.32 (2.78, 3.98) | 3.56 (2.95, 4.33) | 3.63 (3.05, 4.34) | 3.24 (2.69, 3.90) |
| Change, % | 6.8 (−13.3, 39.7) | 8.5 (−10.1, 42.1) | −2.4 (−23.2, 22.6) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 24 | 3.18 (2.70, 3.76) | 3.74 (3.12, 4.47) | 3.42 (2.87, 4.05) | 3.82 (3.07, 4.55) |
| Change, % | 15.0 (−2.1, 50.1) | 7.0 (−13.0, 31.6) | 16.7 (−1.3, 51.6) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 8 | 2.86 (1.97, 4.15) | 3.35 (2.31, 4.87) | 4.57 (3.43, 6.11) | 3.13 (2.30, 4.28) |
| Change, % | 14.7 (−45.4, 109.2) | 37.5 (−26.8, 158.7) | 8.7 (−50.7, 83.5) | ||
| sTNFRI, μg/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 22 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.93 (893,987) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) |
| Change, % | −1.7 (−8.5, 6.4) | 2.2 (−5.6, 9.8) | −2.0 (−9.7, 5.6) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 24 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.87)* | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) |
| Change, % | 5.6 (−0.6, 10.9) | −7.5 (−12.7, −2.3) | 3.9 (−2.1, 9.6) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 8 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.99) |
| Change, % | 4.0 (−4.1, 14.7) | −0.9 (−9.2, 8.2) | −1.9 (−10.6, 6.0) | ||
| sTNFRII, μg/L | |||||
| GSTM1+, GSTT1+ | 22 | 4.15 (3.88, 4.39) | 4.19 (3.93, 4.43) | 4.19 (3.97, 4.46) | 4.15 (3.87, 4.40) |
| Change, % | 1.0 (−10.8, 12.2) | 1.0 (−9.3, 14.0) | 0 (−12.1, 11.4) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1+ | 24 | 4.23 (4.02, 4.48) | 4.32 (4.08, 4.58) | 3.94 (3.72, 4.19)* | 4.23 (3.99, 4.49) |
| Change, % | 2.0 (−4.1, 7.0) | −7.3 (−12.4, −2.9) | 0 (−6.3, 4.8) | ||
| GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null | 8 | 4.02 (3.64, 4.49) | 4.45 (4.01, 4.94)* | 4.02 (3.64, 4.41) | 4.06 (3.68, 4.47) |
| Change, % | 9.5 (2.5, 19.7) | 0 (−8.7, 6.4) | 1.0 (−7.8, 7.0) | ||
1
Values are geometric means (95% CIs) adjusted for day 0 values, sex, age, and body weight. The basal diet was devoid of fruits and vegetables. *Significantly different from basal within genotype, P < 0.05. CRP, C-reactive protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; sTNFR, soluble TNF receptor; 1xC, single-dose cruciferous vegetable diet [7 g/(kg body weight · d)]; 1xC+A, single-dose cruciferous plus apiaceous vegetable diet [7 and 4 g/(kg body weight · d), respectively]; 2xC, double-dose cruciferous vegetable diet [14 g/(kg body weight · d)].