Table 1. Occurrence of pumiliotoxins (PTX), allopumiliotoxins (aPTX), and a homopumiliotoxin (hPTX) as major and minor alkaloids in extracts from dendrobatid frogs.
Pumiliotoxins
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Genus and species | Location | Year | hPTX 223G | PTX 237A | PTX 251D | aPTX 253A | aPTX 267A | PTX 267C | PTX 281A | aPTX 297A | PTX 307A | PTX 309A | PTX 323A | aPTX 323B | aPTX 325A | aPTX 339A | aPTX 341A |
Dendrobates | |||||||||||||||||
arboreus | Chiriquí, Panama | 1983 | ○ | ○ | ○ | • | |||||||||||
auratus | Isla Taboga, Panama | 1974 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
El Cope, Coclé, Panama | 1977 | ○ | • | ○ | • | ○ | |||||||||||
Isla Pastores, Bocas, Panama | 1982 | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||||
Cerro Ancón, Panama | 1992 | • | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
Manoa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii | 1988 | • | • | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
azureus | Sipaliwini, Surinam | 1972 | ○ | ||||||||||||||
granuliferus | Puntarenas, Costa Rica | 1967 | ○ | ○ | • | ||||||||||||
histrionicus | Altos de Buey, Chocó, Colombia | 1978 | ○ | • | ○ | ||||||||||||
lehmanni | Río Anchicaya, Valle, Colombia | 1973 | ○ | • | ○ | • | ○ | ||||||||||
leucomelas | Represa Guri, Bolívar, Venezuela | 1968 | • | • | ○ | ||||||||||||
occultator | Río Saija, Cauca, Colombia | 1973 | • | ||||||||||||||
pumilio | Bastimentos, Isla Bastimentos, Bocas, Panama | 1972 | ○ | • | • | ○ | |||||||||||
Bastimentos, Isla Bastimentos, Bocas, Panama | 1981, 2000 | • | • | ○ | |||||||||||||
Sol Creek, Isla Bastimentos, Bocas, Panama | 1984 | ○ | • | ○ | |||||||||||||
Isla Pastores, Bocas, Panama | 1981 | ○ | • | ||||||||||||||
Mainland, NW Isla Split Hill, Bocas, Panama | 1981 | • | ○ | ||||||||||||||
Isla Cayo Agua, Bocas, Panama | 1981 | • | • | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
W. Rumpala, Bocas, Panama | 1981 | • | ○ | ||||||||||||||
Isla Popa (North), Bocas, Panama | 1981 | • | ○ | ||||||||||||||
Almirante, Bocas, Panama | 1983 | • | ○ | ||||||||||||||
Siquierres, Limón, Costa Rica | 1995 | • | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||||
quinquevittatus | Rondonia, Brazil | 1985 | ○ | • | |||||||||||||
reticulatus | Loreto, Peru | 1977 | • | ○ | |||||||||||||
speciosus | Que. de Arena, Chiriquí, Panama | 1983 | ○ | • | • | • | |||||||||||
Que. de Frank, Chiriquí, Panama | 1983 | • | • | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
tinctorius | Coppename River, Surinam | 1973 | • | ||||||||||||||
ventrimaculatus | Pebas, Loreto, Peru | 1977 | ○ | • | ○ | ||||||||||||
Mishana, Loreto, Peru | 1977 | ○ | ○ | ○ | • | ||||||||||||
vicentei | El Cope, Coclé, Panama | 1977 | ○ | ○ | ○ | • | ○ | ||||||||||
Epipedobates | |||||||||||||||||
erythromos | Río Palenque, Pichincha, Ecuador | 1979 | ○ | ||||||||||||||
espinosai | Río Palenque, Pichincha, Ecuador | 1979 | ○ | ||||||||||||||
silverstonei | Huánuco, Peru | 1974 | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||||
tricolor | Santa Isabel, Azuay, Ecuador | 1977 | • | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
Minyobates | |||||||||||||||||
abditus | Napo, Ecuador | 1974 | • | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
altobueyensis | Altos de Buey, Chocó, Colombia | 1978 | • | ○ | ○ | • | |||||||||||
bombetes | Lago de Calima, Valle, Colombia | 1976 | • | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
claudiae | Isla Colon, Bocas, Panama | 1977 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
New Guinea, Isla Bastimentos, Bocas, Panama | 1986 | • | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||||
fulguritus* | El Llano-Carte Rd, Panama, Panama | 1974 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
minutus† | Cerro Campana, Panama, Panama | 1972 | • | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||
Altos de Buey, Chocó, Colombia | 1978 | • | • | ○ | • | • | ○ | ||||||||||
Río Saija, Cauca, Colombia | 1978 | • | ○ | • | ○ | • | |||||||||||
steyermarki | Cerro Yapacana, Venezuela | 1978 | ○ | • | |||||||||||||
viridis | Río Clara, Valle, Colombia | 1983 | ○ | • | ○ | ○ | ○ |
•, Major (>50 μg per 100 mg of skin); ○, minor (>5 μg per 100 mg of skin). Only major and minor alkaloids from each species/population are tabulated. Other extracts containing only minor or trace amounts of pumiliotoxins are not reported. The generic classifications are those of Myers (16). For structures see Fig. 3 and references. Data are from ref. 2 and unpublished results.
Dendrobates fulguritus sensu Vences et al. (17).
Dendrobates minutus sensu Clough and Summers (18).