Table 1. Characteristics of the study cohort. Means (SD) are given, unless otherwise indicated.
| Characteristics | All N = 155 | Males N = 74 | Females N = 81 | P | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age at study, (range) yrs | 32.5 | (31.7–34) | 32.4 | (31.7–33.9) | 32.5 | (31.7–34.0) | 0.83 |
| Weight, kg | 75.2 | (14.3) | 83.8 | (12.3) | 67.2 | (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Height, m | 1.74 | (0.09) | 1.79 | (0.07) | 1.68 | (0.06) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 | (3.8) | 25.8 | (3.3) | 24.0 | (4.1) | 0.003 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.8 | (11.8) | 89.9 | (10) | 78.5 | (10) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass,* kg | 19.6 | (7.4) | 18.6 | (7.1) | 20.5 | (7.7) | 0.11 |
| Fat,* % | 25.6 | (7.1) | 21.5 | (5.5) | 29.5 | (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Lean mass,* kg | 53.8 | (11.0) | 63.2 | (7.1) | 45.1 | (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Bone mineral density,* g/cm2 | |||||||
| Whole body | 1.14 | (0.09) | 1.17 | (0.09) | 1.12 | (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck | 0.85 | (0.12) | 0.88 | (0.12) | 0.82 | (0.11) | 0.004 |
| Lumbar spine | 1.04 | (0.12) | 1.05 | (0.12) | 1.04 | (0.11) | 0.56 |
| Blood pressure,† mm Hg | |||||||
| Systolic | 120.0 | (13.6) | 126.6 | (12.7) | 113.8 | (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 73.5 | (8.5) | 76.1 | (8.8) | 71.1 | (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Smoking, cigarettes per day | 3.9 | (7.3) | 5.1 | (8.5) | 2.9 | (5.9) | 0.07 |
| Alcohol score‡ | 3.5 | (1.0) | 3.74 | (1.1) | 3.3 | (0.9) | 0.012 |
| Physical activity score¶ | 3.2 | (0.9) | 3.1 | (1.0) | 3.3 | (0.9) | 0.14 |
*measured by DXA.
†
mean of two measurements.
‡
Scale 1–6 (1 no alcohol to 6 daily usage).
¶
Scale 1–5 (1 no physical activity to 5 regular exercise at least 3 times a week).