Table 4.

Indication and timing of surgery for preventing embolism in left-sided native valve infective endocarditis

Indication	Timing
Aortic or mitral IE with a large vegetation (>10 mm) following one or more embolic episodes despite appropriate antibiotic therapy.	Urgent
Aortic or mitral IE with a large vegetation (>10 mm) and other predictors of subsequent complications (heart failure, persistent infection, abscess)	Urgent
Very large, isolated vegetations (>15 mm)	Urgent

Modified from Habib et al. [1]