Endocrine |
Hyperthyroidism, carcinoid, mastocytosis, hypoglycemia, insulinoma, menopausal syndrome, adrenal medullary hyperplasia, reninoma |
Pharmacologic |
Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, cocaine, alcohol withdrawal, abrupt clonidine withdrawal |
Cardiovascular |
Ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, baroreflex failure, renovascular disease, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome |
Neurologic |
Migraine headache, cluster headache, stroke, diencephalic autonomic epilepsy, meningioma |
Other |
Preeclampsia or eclampsia, obstructive sleep apnea, anxiety or panic attacks, acute intermittent porphyria, recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis |