Appendix B.
Outcomes and mean differences of hip muscle strength and endurance
| Study | Modalities | Outcome | MD (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abduction | |||
| Baldon et al31 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg) × 100 | PFPS, 88.89 ±10.27 Controls, 123.37 ± 5.85 P = .008 | ‐34.48 (‐41.81, ‐27.15) |
| Bolgla et al7 | Isometric strength, (Nm/N.m) × 100 | PFPS, 23 ±6 Control, 30±10 P = .0006 | ‐7.00 (‐12.39, ‐1.61) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 29 ±8 Control, 36.8±6 P = .010 | ‐7.80 (‐13.24, ‐2.36) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 29±8 Noninjured leg 33±7 P = .003 | ‐4.00 (‐9.78, 1.78) |
| Ireland et al21 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 23.3 ±6.9 Control, 31.4±6.2 P <.01 | ‐8.10 (‐12.79, ‐3.41) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 11.7 ±4.2 Control, 14.6±2.9 P < .002 | ‐2.90 (‐4.34, ‐1.46) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 11.7±4.2 Noninjured leg 14.8 ± 4.1 P <.002 | ‐3.10 [‐5.26, ‐0.94] |
| Magalhaes et al 32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 9.6 ± 2.8 Control, 14.6 ±2.9 P <.0001 | ‐5.00 (‐6.30, ‐3.70) |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 114.73 ±18.61 Control, 107.64 ±23.54 P < .0001 | 7.09 (‐9.89, 24.07) |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isokinetic endurance (concentric) at 30°/s, j | PFPS, 493.69 ±174.25 Control, 492.4 ±135.2 P <.001 | 1.29 (‐123.50, 126.08) |
| Nakagawa et al33 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg.m)x100 | PFPS, 56 ±13 Control, 73 ±15 P < .001 | ‐17.00 (‐25.70, ‐8.30) |
| Robinson and Nee22 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 16 ±8 Control, 22±3 P = .007 | ‐6.00 (‐11.30, ‐0.70) |
| Robinson and Nee22 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 16±8 Noninjured leg 20.5±NM | ‐ 4.5 |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 139 ±41 Control, 162±26 P = .04 | ‐23.00 (‐44.83, ‐1.17) |
| Willson and Davis34 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 21.1 ±NM Control, 24.9 ±NM P = .05 | ‐3.8 |
| Adduction | |||
| Baldon et al31 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg) × 100 | PFPS, 170.96 ±13,43 Control, 197.44 ±12,11 P =.009 | ‐26.48 (‐37.69, ‐15.27) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 19.8 ±7 Control, 23.6 ±4 P = .087 | ‐3.80 (‐8.18, 0.58) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 19.8±7 Noninjured leg, 19.5 ±5 P = .65 | ‐0.30 (‐4.38, 4.98) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 14.1 ±5.7 Control, 15.1±3.7 P = NS | ‐1.00 (‐2.88, 0.88) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 14.1±5.7 Noninjured leg 14.0 ±5.2 P > .05 | 0.11 [‐2.72, 2.94] |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 11.4 ±3.3 Control, 15.1 ±3.7 P < .0001 | ‐3.70 (‐5.28, ‐2.12) |
| External rotation | |||
| Baldon et al31 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg) × 100 | PFPS, 51.69 ±2.98 Control, 51.48 ±3.81 P = .96 | 0.21 (‐2.79, 3.21) |
| Bolgla et al7 | Isometric strength, (Nm/N.m) × 100 | PFPS, 11 ±3 Control, 15 ±3 P = .002 | ‐4.00 (‐5.96, ‐2.04) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 17 ±4 Control, 20.1 ±3 P = .033 | ‐3.10 (‐5.82, ‐0.38) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 17±4 Noninjured leg, 18.2 ±4 P = .049 | ‐1.20 (‐4.28, 1.88) |
| Ireland et al21 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 10.8 ±4 Control, 16.8 ±5.5 P < .001 | ‐6.00 (‐9.44, ‐2.56) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 12.7 ±4.1 Control, 14.5 ±3.5 P < .01 | ‐1.80 (‐3.29, ‐0.31) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 12.7±4.1 Noninjured leg 13.8 ±3.9 P > .05 | ‐1.10 (‐3.16, 0.96) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 12.1 ±3.9 Control, 14.5 ±3.5 P < .0001 | ‐2.40 (‐4.12, ‐0.68) |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 60.7 ±8.38 Control, 65.21 ±10.55 P = .26 | ‐4.51 (‐12.13, 3.11) |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isokinetic endurance (concentric) at 30°/s, j | PFPS, 448.24 ±95.76 Control, 481.03 ±138.38 P = .51 | ‐32.79 (‐125.69, 60.11) |
| Nakagawa et al33 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg.m) × 100 | PFPS, 35 ±0.7 Control, 44 ± 0.6 P < .0001 | ‐ 9.00 (‐13.04, ‐4.96). |
| Robinson and Nee22 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 16 ±6 Control, 23 ±4 P = .004 | ‐7.00 (‐11.47, ‐2.53) |
| Robinson and Nee22 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 16±6 Noninjured leg 20±NM | ‐4 |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 56 ±13 Control, 69 ±11 P = .002 | ‐13.00 (‐20.66, ‐5.34) |
| Willson and Davis34 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 9.1 ±NM Control, 10.8 ±NM P = .04 | ‐1.7 |
| Internal rotation | |||
| Baldon et al31 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 30°/s, (Nm/kg) × 100 | PFPS, 113.30 ± 8.33 Control, 122.51 ±9.20 P = .47 | ‐9.21 (‐16.90, ‐1.52) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 17.9 ±4 Control, 21.1 ±3 P = .049 | ‐3.20 (‐5.92, ‐0.48) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 17.9±4 Noninjured leg, 19 ±4 P = .11 | ‐1.10 (‐4.18, 1.98) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 13.6 ±4.4 Control, 14.3 ±3.1 P < .0001 | ‐0.70 (‐2.19, 0.79) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 13.6±4.4 Noninjured leg 14.8 ±4.3 P > .05 | ‐1.20 (‐3.43, 1.03) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 12.7 ±3.8 Control, 14.3 ±3.1 P < .0001 | ‐1.60 [‐3.23, 0.03] |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 85.3 ±16.12 Control, 89.97 ±21.96 P = .56 | ‐4.67 (‐20.08, 10.74) |
| McMoreland et al30 | Isokinetic endurance (concentric) at 30°/s, j | PFPS, 694.42 ±186.15 Control, 656.5 ±191.6 P = .42 | 37.92 (‐113.22, 189.06) |
| Flexion | |||
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 27.4 ±7 Control, 32.9 ±5 P = .033 | ‐5.50 (‐10.18, ‐0.82) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 27.4±7 Noninjured leg, 28.2 ±6 P = .46 | ‐0.80 (‐5.81, 4.21) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 16.3 ±6 Control, 19.4 ±4.3 P < .0001 | ‐3.10 (‐5.15, ‐1.05) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 16.3±6 Noninjured leg 18.5 ±5.5 P > .05 | ‐2.20 (‐5.18, 0.78) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 14.9. ±4.3 Control, 19.4 ±4.3 P < .0001 | ‐4.50 (‐6.47, ‐2.53) |
| Extension | |||
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 30.4 ±8 Control, 36.3 ±5 P = .029 | ‐5.90 (‐11.03, ‐0.77) |
| Cichanowski et al18 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 30.4±8 Noninjured leg, 30.9 ±9 P = .56 | ‐0.50 (‐7.05, 6.05) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | PFPS, 19.1 ±10 Control, 21.8 ±5.6 P < .0001 | ‐2.70 (‐5.88, 0.48) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 19.1±10 Noninjured leg 20.6 ±10 P > .05 | ‐1.50 (‐6.60, 3.60) |
| Magalhaes et al32 | Isometric strength, %BW | Bilateral PFPS, 15.8 ±9.0 Control, 21.8 ±5.6 P < .0001 | ‐6.42 (‐10.04, ‐2.80) |
| Robinson and Nee22 | Isometric strength, %BW | Injured leg, 23±9 Noninjured leg, 32 ±NM | ‐ 9 |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isometric strength, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 198 ±50 Control, 235 ±38 P = .01 | ‐37.00 (‐65.24, ‐8.76) |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isokinetic strength (eccentric) at 10°/s, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 87 ±34 Control, 92 ±27 P = .59 | ‐5.00 (‐24.52, 14.52) |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isokinetic strength (concentric) at 10°/s, Nm/kg × 100 | PFPS, 78 ±28 Control, 94 ±15 P = .03 | ‐16.00(‐30.28, ‐1.72) |
| Souza and Powers27 | Isotonic endurance, total of repetitions | PFPS, 16.6 ±7.5 Control, 31.9 ±7.8 | ‐ 15.30 (‐20.17, ‐10.43) |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; BW=body weight; CI=confidence interval; M= mean difference; PFPS=patellofemoral pain syndrome