Fig. 2.

Schematic 3D diagrams of the three representative types of microfluidic mixers investigated in this study: Y channel mixer (A), 3D serpentine mixer (B), and vortex mixer (C). The main channel of the Y-shaped mixer is 100 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. For the 3D serpentine mixer, channels on both layers are 300 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. For the vortex mixer, the central mixing chamber is 2 mm in diameter and 100 μm in depth, with inlets that are 100 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. The images are not to scale.