TABLE 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of the study population at follow-up midpoint by quintiles of total flavonoid intake in the NHS (1998) and the NHSII (2001)1
| NHS |
NHSII |
|||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |
| Subjects (n) | 10,035 | 10,024 | 10,027 | 11,877 | 11,901 | 11,887 |
| Age (y) | 63.3 ± 7.12 | 64.4 ± 7.0 | 64.6 ± 7.3 | 46.1 ± 4.6 | 46.5 ± 4.6 | 47.1 ± 4.5 |
| History of tubal ligation (%) | 22 | 21 | 20 | 26 | 22 | 23 |
| History of hysterectomy (%) | 22 | 23 | 22 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer (%) | 16 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Parous (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 83 | 82 | 81 |
| No. of children in parous women | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
| Oral contraceptive use (%) | 49 | 49 | 48 | 86 | 85 | 85 |
| Duration of oral contraceptive use (mo)3 | 52.5 ± 47.7 | 50.9 ± 46.7 | 49.7 ± 45.6 | 69.8 ± 60.1 | 66.9 ± 59.1 | 68.0 ± 60.8 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | 93 | 93 | 93 | 15 | 15 | 16 |
| Estrogen-only PMH use (%)4 | 19 | 21 | 18 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Duration of estrogen-only PMH use ( mo)3 | 90.0 ± 77.8 | 91.3 ± 80.8 | 87.5 ± 78.0 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 3.1 | 2.1 ± 1.8 |
| Estrogen-progestin PMH use (%)4 | 31 | 34 | 31 | 53 | 54 | 55 |
| Duration of estrogen-progestin PMH use (mo)3 | 58.0 ± 43.5 | 59.8 ± 43.3 | 60.5 ± 43.0 | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 2.3 |
| Total energy intake (cal/d) | 1658 ± 526 | 1763 ± 523 | 1679 ± 518 | 1748 ± 550 | 1854 ± 534 | 1765 ± 534 |
| Caffeine (mg/d)5 | 237 ± 236 | 190 ± 195 | 224 ± 185 | 244 ± 234 | 213 ± 204 | 245 ± 193 |
| Lactose (g/d)5 | 16.6 ± 13.8 | 16.5 ± 11.9 | 15.6 ± 11.6 | 17.7 ± 14.9 | 18.3 ± 13.0 | 16.9 ± 12.7 |
| Flavonol (mg/d)5 | 10.2 ± 6.2 | 15.1 ± 6.8 | 29.6 ± 13.3 | 9.7 ± 5.9 | 14.8 ± 6.9 | 30.6 ± 14.0 |
| Flavone (mg/d)5 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.7 |
| Flavanone (mg/d)5 | 23.7 ± 21.8 | 55.6 ± 36.4 | 62.3 ± 54.1 | 16.2 ± 15.9 | 41.2 ± 32.7 | 46.6 ± 49.1 |
| Flavan-3-ol (mg/d)5 | 9.3 ± 5.0 | 19.9 ± 8.3 | 117 ± 87 | 9.1 ± 4.9 | 20.3 ± 8.3 | 129 ± 95 |
| Polymers (mg/d)5 | 55.6 ± 22.4 | 126 ± 32 | 465 ± 278 | 59.9 ± 20.7 | 135 ± 29 | 511 ± 305 |
| Anthocyanidin (mg/d)5 | 5.8 ± 5.0 | 14.7 ± 9.3 | 23.0 ± 27.0 | 5.7 ± 4.7 | 15.1 ± 9.4 | 24.8 ± 35.0 |
| Proanthocyanidin (mg/d)5 | 54.6 ± 22.9 | 114 ± 37 | 191 ± 87 | 57.9 ± 21.7 | 119 ± 37 | 199 ± 93 |
| Flavan-3-ols and polymers (mg/d)5 | 58.1 ± 23.1 | 122 ± 36 | 264 ± 112 | 60.6 ± 21.6 | 128 ± 35 | 280 ± 122 |
| Total flavonoids (mg/d)5 | 107 ± 30 | 237 ± 19 | 699 ± 353 | 102 ± 28 | 230 ± 20 | 743 ± 397 |
1
NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; PMH, postmenopausal hormone; Q, quintile.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
In ever users.
4
In postmenopausal women.
5
Intake adjusted for total energy by using the nutrient residual method.