TABLE 3.

Cox multivariable-adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality in men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk 1997–2012 per 20-nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations in subgroups¹

	n/Total n	HR (95% CI) per 20-nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D (age, sex, and month adjusted)	P	HR (95% CI) per 20-nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D (age, sex, month, and multivariable adjusted)2	P
All	2776/14,641	0.89 (0.86, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	<0.0001
By sex
Men	1589/6486	0.89 (0.85, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.87, 0.97)	0.001
Women	1187/8187	0.89 (0.84, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.86, 0.98)	0.011
By age
<65 y	618/8578	0.88 (0.81, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.85, 0.99)	0.038
≥65 y	2158/6060	0.90 (0.86, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.88, 0.97)	0.001
Excluding early deaths
Excluding deaths ≤2 y	2597/14,459	0.90 (0.87, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.89, 0.97)	<0.0001
Excluding deaths ≤5 y	2135/13,997	0.91 (0.88, 0.95)	<0.001	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	<0.001
By smoking status
Current smokers	339/1332	0.89 (0.81, 0.98)	0.018	0.90 (0.80, 1.01)	0.066
Current nonsmokers	2442/13,347	0.91 (0.87, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.93 (0.89, 0.97)	0.001
By BMI
<27 kg/m2	1496/8557	0.89 (0.85, 0.94)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.87, 0.97)	0.002
≥27 kg/m2	1267/6057	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	<0.001	0.93 (0.88, 0.99)	0.030
By physical activity
Physically inactive	1042/3641	0.88 (0.83, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.90 (0.84, 0.97)	0.003
Not physically inactive	1734/10,093	0.92 (0.88, 0.967	<0.001	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.009
Excluding persons with a history of heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, or fracture	1872/11,676	0.90 (0.86, 0.93)	<0.001	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	<0.001
Excluding persons with history of asthma or bronchitis	2284/12,463	0.90 (0.87, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.89, 0.96)	<0.001
By social class
Nonmanual social class	1695/9067	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.91 (0.86, 0.95)	<0.0001
Manual social class	1001/5318	0.92 (0.87, 0.98)	0.008	0.95 (0.88, 1.01)	0.12
By vitamin supplement use
No vitamin supplement use	1177/6604	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	<0.0001	0.92 (0.86, 0.98)	0.007
Any vitamin supplement use	1421/7317	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)	<0.0001	0.93 (0.87, 0.98)	0.010
By dietary calcium intake
<1000 mg/d	1302/6754	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.02	0.93 (0.87, 0.99)	0.02
≥1000 mg/d	1284/5628	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)	<0.0001	0.91 (0.86, 0.97)	0.004

¹Conversion factors for nanomoles per liter to nanograms per milliliter were as follows: for 25(OH)D₃, divide nanomoles per liter by 2.496 to obtain nanograms per milliliter; for 25(OH)D₂, divide 25(OH)D₂ by 2.42 to obtain nanograms per milliliter. As a general approximation, multiply nanomoles per liter by 0.4 to obtain nanograms per milliliter (30 nmol/L = 12 ng/mL, 50 nmol/L = 20 ng/mL, 70 nmol/L = 28 ng/mL, 90 nmol/L = 36 ng/mL, and 120 nmol = 48 ng/mL). EPIC-Norfolk, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Norfolk; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

²Further adjusted for BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, plasma vitamin C, physical activity, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, history of cancer, social class, and educational level (except where the variable was used for stratification). Numbers do not always add up to total because of missing data.