Figure 1.

The subjective value of a delayed reward (r) is calculated as the immediate reward that produces the same total reward rate over a window including a past-integration interval (T_ime) (over which experienced reward rate is calculated, a_est) and the expected delay (t) to a future reward. The figure shows a ready means to visually depict the subjective value of a delayed reward, shown as the purple bar at time zero (“now”). Modified from Namboodiri et al. (2014a).