Table 3.
Mean (SD) Scores on Cognitive Assessments and the Number (%) of Children with Behavioral Problems by Categories of Maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D (n=3825), U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–73)
| Categories of maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D (nmol/l) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category 1 (<25) |
Category 2 (25–<50) |
Category 3 (50–<75) |
Category 4 (≥75) |
|
| mean (SD) | ||||
| Cognitive Development and Achievement | ||||
| 8 months | ||||
| Bayley Mental Score | 78.1 (8.5) | 78.6 (7.6) | 79.1 (6.2) | 78.7 (7.2) |
| Bayley Motor Score | 32.5 (5.3) | 32.4 (5.3) | 32.7 (5.1) | 32.6 (5.6) |
| 4 years | ||||
| Stanford-Binet IQa | 92.2 (15.8) | 95.1 (16.7) | 98.7 (17.7) | 100.2 (17.6) |
| 7 years | ||||
| WISC IQ | 90.5 (15.0) | 94.2 (14.9) | 98.3 (14.9) | 100.1 (17.0) |
| WRAT Arithmetic | 94.3 (12.1) | 95.9 (11.6) | 97.3 (11.0) | 97.7 (11.1) |
| WRAT Reading | 95.9 (14.7) | 98.2 (16.0) | 101.1 (17.0) | 100.9 (17.1) |
| WRAT Spelling | 93.2 (13.6) | 95.5 (13.4) | 98.1 (14.2) | 98.2 (14.0) |
| n (%) | ||||
| Behavior Scales | ||||
| 4 years | ||||
| Internalizing behaviors | 97 (18.6) | 248 (19.6) | 141 (18.0) | 61 (13.2) |
| Hyperactive behaviors | 119 (22.8) | 272 (21.5) | 147 (18.7) | 103 (22.2) |
| Oppositional | 73 (14.0) | 178 (14.1) | 101 (12.8) | 72 (15.4) |
| 7 years | ||||
| Internalizing behaviors | 77 (14.7) | 181 (14.0) | 119 (14.8) | 75 (15.0) |
| Externalizing behaviors | 82 (15.6) | 188 (14.6) | 125 (15.5) | 84 (17.0) |