Table 4.

Associations between Maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D and Cognitive Assessment Scores and Behavioral Problems (n=3825), U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–73)

Maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D (nmol/l)
	Continuous measure (in 5 nmol/L increments)		Categorical measure (reference=Category 1, <25)
			Category 2 (25–<50)		Category 3 (50–<75)		Category 4 (≥75)
	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted
Cognitive Development and Achievement	β [95% CI]
8 months
Bayley Mental Score (n=3308)	0.04[−0.00, 0.08]	0.02 [−0.03, 0.07]	0.42 [−0.29, 1.12]	0.35 [−0.36, 1.05]	0.94 [0.17, 1.70]	0.66 [−0.14, 1.47]	0.54 [−0.32, 1.40]	0.17 [−0.78, 1.12]
Bayley Motor Score (n=3311)	0.02[−0.01, 0.05]	0.01 [−0.03, 0.04]	−0.06 [−0.56, 0.46]	−0.14[−0.65, 0.36]	0.27 [−0.27, 0.82]	−0.04[−0.62, 0.54]	0.14 [−0.48, 0.76]	−0.09 [−0.77, 0.59]
4 years
Stanford-Binet IQ (n=2893)	0.51 [0.40, 0.62]	0.07 [−0.05, 0.18]	2.87 [1.14, 4.60]	−0.17[−1.70, 1.36]	6.44 [4.57, 8.31]	−0.11[−1.88, 1.67]	8.00 [5.89, 10.11]	0.22 [−1.85, 2.29]
7 years
WISC IQ (n=2987)	0.57 [0.47, 0.66]	0.10 [0.00, 0.19]	3.72 [2.18, 5.26]	0.67 [−0.63, 1.97]	7.84 [6.17, 9.50]	1.14 [−0.37, 2.65]	9.65 [7.79, 11.51]	1.50 [−0.26, 3.27]
WRAT Arithmetic (n=2968)	0.17 [0.10, 0.24]	−0.01 [−0.09, 0.07]	1.57 [0.41, 2.73]	0.55 [−0.54, 1.64]	2.97 [1.71, 4.22]	0.45 [−0.81, 1.72]	3.39 [1.99, 4.80]	0.67 [−0.81, 2.16]
WRAT Reading (n=2968)	0.28 [0.18, 0.39]	−0.04 [−0.15, 0.07]	2.38 [0.73, 4.02]	0.78 [−0.71, 2.27]	5.19 [3.41, 6.97]	0.92 [−0.82, 2.65]	4.94 [2.95, 6.92]	−0.11 [−2.14, 1.92]
WRAT Spelling (n=2964)	0.30 [0.22, 0.39]	0.05 [−0.05, 0.15]	2.23 [0.84, 3.62]	0.82 [−0.48, 2.12]	4.90 [3.39, 6.41]	1.27 [−0.24, 2.80]	4.92 [3.24, 6.61]	0.77 [−0.99, 2.54]
Behavior Scales	OR [95% CI]
4 years
Internalizing behaviors (n=2825)	0.98 [0.96, 1.00]	0.98 [0.96, 1.01]	1.07 [0.82, 1.39]	1.01 [0.76, 1.34]	0.96 [0.72, 1.28]	0.94 [0.67, 1.31]	0.66 [0.47, 0.94]	0.70 [0.47, 1.06]
Hyperactive behaviors (n=2829)	0.99 [0.98, 1.01]	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]	0.93 [0.73, 1.18]	1.03 [0.78, 1.34]	0.78 [0.59, 1.02]	0.96 [0.70, 1.32]	0.97 [0.72, 1.31]	1.17 [0.82, 1.69]
Oppositional (n=2827)	1.01 [0.99, 1.03]	1.00 [0.98, 1.03]	1.00 [0.75, 1.35]	0.99 [0.73, 1.39]	0.90 [0.65, 1.24]	0.89 [0.62, 1.29]	1.11 [0.78, 1.58]	0.99 [0.65, 1.51]
7 years
Internalizing behaviors (n=2903)	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]	1.01 [0.99, 1.04]	0.95 [0.71, 1.27]	0.99 [0.72, 1.36]	1.01 [0.74, 1.38]	1.16 [0.80, 1.66]	1.03 [0.73, 1.45]	1.27 [0.83, 1.93]
Externalizing behaviors (n=2896)	1.00 [0.99, 1.02]	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]	0.93 [0.70, 1.23]	1.04 [0.76, 1.42]	1.00 [0.74, 1.35]	1.15 [0.80, 1.64]	1.11 [0.80, 1.55]	1.23 [0.82, 1.85]

Adjusted for maternal education, age, parity, race, maternal BMI, marital status, smoking, gestational age and month of blood draw, and study site.