Fig. 1.

(a) A schematic illustration of the large-scale model network, indicating the mechanisms by which simple and complex cells are created: simple cells created by strong LGN input, strong cortical inhibition, together with randomization of preferred spatial phase of the input (not shown, see ref. 25); and complex cells created by weak LGN input and stronger cortical excitation. (b) Optical image of the map of orientation preference, for 1 mm² of layer 2–3 of macaque V1, containing four pinwheel centers (31, 32). The cells on the circle are described by our ring model (see Discussion). (c) A schematic illustration of one CG patch located, for example, on a small section of a ring.