Table 3.
Comparison to literature values. Musculotendon measurements for the BFlh were compared to select studies in the literature. If more than one measurement was reported in a literature source, the numbers were averaged. If more than one measurement location was available for the model or literature source (e.g., superior, middle, inferior), the numbers were averaged and the standard deviation is listed. When provided, percentage of the musculotendon unit length is listed in conjunction with the measurements. For the in vivo muscle volume comparison, the BFlh was outlined on all MR images, and muscle volume was calculated as the segmentation area times the slice thickness summed over the muscle’s length (Handsfield et al., 2013). Pennation angle measurements were averaged for the proximal aponeurosis (i.e., deep aponeurosis) and the distal aponeurosis (i.e., superficial aponeurosis). MR: magnetic resonance.
| [cm] | Current study | Literature | Type | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Musculotendon length | 46.7 (100%) | 38.9 (100%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2012) |
| 39.8 (100%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) | ||
| 43.8 (100%) | Cadaver | Woodley and Mercer (2005) | ||
| Muscle length | 28.6 (61%) | 29.6 (75%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2012) |
| 34.7 | Cadaver | Ward et al. (2009) | ||
| Proximal tendon length | 7.0 (15%) | 5.0 (13%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2012) |
| 6.5 (15%) | Cadaver | Woodley and Mercer (2005) | ||
| Proximal aponeurosis length | 17.9 (38%) | 19.1 (48%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) |
| 20.6 (47%) | Cadaver | Woodley and Mercer (2005) | ||
| 17.8 | In vivo | Rehorn and Blemker (2010) | ||
| Distal aponeurosis length | 18.7 (40%) | 18.3 (46%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) |
| 18.3 (41%) | Cadaver | Woodley and Mercer (2005) | ||
| 15.6 | In vivo | Rehorn and Blemker (2010) | ||
| Distal tendon length | 11.1 (24%) | 5.3 (14%) | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2012) |
| 9.2 (21%) | Cadaver | Woodley and Mercer (2005) | ||
| Proximal aponeurosis width | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 0.6 | In vivo | Fiorentino et al. (2012) |
| 0.8 | In vivo | Rehorn and Blemker (2010) | ||
| Distal aponeurosis width | 4.3 ± 3.0 | 4.0 | In vivo | Rehorn and Blemker (2010) |
| Muscle thickness | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) |
| Muscle volume (cm3) | 266.6 | 251.8 | In vivo | MR image segmentation |
| 138.5 | Cadaver | Friederich and Brand (1990) | ||
| Fiber length | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) |
| 6.5 | In vivo | Potier et al. (2009) | ||
| 11.5 | In vivo | Chleboun et al. (2001) | ||
| 13.1 | In vivo | Blackburn and Pamukoff (2014) | ||
| Fiber to muscle length ratio | 0.37 | 0.27 | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2012) |
| 0.28 | Cadaver | Ward et al. (2009) | ||
| 0.25 | Cadaver | Wickiewicz et al. (1983) | ||
| Pennation angle (°) | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 20.3 ± 2.6 | Cadaver | Kellis et al. (2010) |
| 11.6 | Cadaver | Ward et al. (2009) | ||
| 15.6 | In vivo | Potier et al. (2009) | ||
| 11.0 | In vivo | Chleboun et al. (2001) |