Table 3. List of detected serum metabolites identified with 1H NMR analysis.
| Serum Metabolite | Diet | Fluid | Diet-Fluid Interaction |
| Amino Acids Alanine | CH>HF | - | - |
| Arginine | - | - | - |
| Asparagine | - | - | - |
| Betaine | CH>HF | A>W | - |
| Aspartate | <LLOD | <LLOD | <LLOD |
| Choline | - | - | - |
| Creatine | CH>HF | A>W | CHA>HFA and CHA>CHW |
| Glutamate | - | - | - |
| Glutamine | - | - | - |
| Glycine | CH>HF | A>W | - |
| Histidine | - | - | - |
| Isoleucine | - | - | - |
| Leucine | - | - | - |
| Lysine | - | A>W | - |
| Methionine | CH>HF | - | - |
| Ornithine | - | - | - |
| Phenylalanine | - | - | - |
| Proline | - | - | - |
| Serine | - | A>W | - |
| Taurine | - | - | - |
| Threonine | - | - | - |
| Tyrosine | - | - | - |
| Valine | - | - | - |
| Short-Chain Fatty Acids Acetate | - | - | CHA>HFA and CHA>CHW |
| Butyrate | CH>HF | - | CHA>HFA and HFW>HFA |
| Formate | - | - | - |
| Propionate | - | A>W | - |
| Isobutyrate | - | - | - |
| Ketone Bodies Acetoacetate | - | - | - |
| Acetone | - | - | - |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | - | A>W | - |
| Alcohols Methanol | - | W>A | - |
| Myo-inositol | - | - | CHA>HFA and CHA>CHW |
| Glycerol | - | W>A | - |
| Propylene glycol | - | - | - |
| Other Metabolites 2-Hydroxybutyrate | - | - | - |
| 2-Hydroxyisobutyrate | - | - | - |
| Carnitine | - | - | - |
| Citrate | - | - | - |
| Creatine phosphate | - | - | - |
| Creatinine | - | - | - |
| Dimethyl sulfone | CH>HF | - | CHA>HFA and HFW>HFA |
| Histamine | - | - | - |
| Lactate | CH>HF | - | - |
| N-Isovaleroylglycine | - | - | - |
| O-Acetylcarnitine | CH>HF | - | - |
| O-Phosphocholine | - | - | - |
| Pyruvate | - | - | - |
| Urea | - | W>A | - |
Notation indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) and the direction of change while ‘-’ indicates no difference detected (p>0.05). Statistical interactions between diet x fluid are also shown. Analysis was based upon a two-tiered method as previously described [18], [20]. Initial analysis consisted of multivariate statistical analysis, confirmed by a two-way ANOVA corrected for a false discovery rate of 20% according to Benjamin and Hochberg [21]. Data represent n = 9–12 per treatment. Abbreviations are as follows: CH, chow; HF, high fat; W, water; A, aspartame.