Figure 2.

Causal strokes and the stoichiometric matrix. The bond graph notion of causality provides an algorithm for determining the stoichiometric matrix by explicitly showing how the Re flows propagate to the C flows. (a) The C components impose a potential onto the Re component; the Re component imposes a flow into the C components. (b) As (a) and note that exactly one bond imposes a potential on to each 0 (common potential) junction. (c) As (a) and note that exactly one bond imposes a flow on to each 1 (common flow) junction. (d) As the external flow v₀ impinges on to 0 junctions, it does not affect the causality of the parts in common with (b). (Online version in colour.)